Kruse Biology 231 Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Objectives Integument Laboratory Exercise 7: The Integumentary System We will be performing the following activities: Activity 1: Locating Structures on a Skin Model Activity 2: Identifying Nail Structures Activity 3: Comparison of Hairy and Relatively Hair-Free Skin Microscopically Activity 4: Differentiating Sebaceous and Sweat Glands Microscopically\ Optional Activity 5. Plotting the Distribution of Sweat Glands Optional Activity 6: Taking and Indentifying Inked Finger Prints The student should be able to recognize, identify and provide a concise functional definition for each of the following terms, structures and concepts and be able to apply them to appropriate specimens, models, charts, diagrams, prepared microscope slides and computer simulations as appropriate. Be certain to complete the appropriate Lab Objectives at the beginning of each Lab Exercise as well as the Review Sheet Exercises following the lab 1. Introduction a. List the functions of skin (integument) b. Basic structure of the skin (integument) (1) Epidermis (2) Dermis (3) Hypodermis, subcutaneous tissue, subdermal tissue or superficial fascia 2. Complete Activity 1 – Locating Structures on a skin model a. Epidermis – stratified squamous epithelium b. Avascular2 c. Keratinized d. Be familiar with the functions of the following cell types, but you do not have to identify them: (1) Keratinocytes (2) Melanocytes (3) Langerhans cells (4) Merkel cells e. Layers of the epidermis (1) Stratum basale (2) Stratum spinosum (3) Stratum granulosum (4) Stratum lucidum (5) Stratum corneum f. Dermis (1) Papillary layer – loose irregular or areolar connective tissue (a) Dermal papilla (b) Epidermal ridges (2) Reticular layer – dense irregular connective tissue (3) While many receptors are present, the two obvious ones from the model are Meissner’s corpuscles seen in the dermal papilla and Pacinian or lamellated corpuscles seen deeper in the dermis or even subcutaneous tissue. You can often find these in the slides as well. g. Skin color (1) Melanin (2) Carotene3 (3) Oxygenated blood flow h. Although not part of the integument, be able to identify the underlying tissue known as: Hypodermis, subcutaneous tissue, subdermal tissue or superficial fascia. Generally considered to be loose, irregular areolar, there will be variable amounts of adipose cells (adipocytes) seen here so it is sometimes truly adipose tissue. Accessory Organs of the Skin 1. Overview a. Cutaneous glands b. Hair c. Nails 2. Nails a. Body b. free edge c. Root d. Nail fold e. Eponychium f. Nail bed g. Nail matrix h. Lunula i. Add hyponychium – the material beneath the free edge of the nail Complete Activity 2: Identifying nail structures – due this from diagrams and looking at your own fingernails only Hairs and Associated Structures 1. Hair a. Medulla4 b. Cortex c. Cuticle d. Root e. Hair follicle f. Shaft g. Hair bulb 2. Follicle Papilla 3. Arrector pili muscle Be certain to identify these structures on the integument model as well. Complete Activity 3: Comparison of Hairy and Relatively Hair Free Skin Microscopically This activity is essentially the same as activity 1 and you are required to identify the same structures. Cutaneous Glands. 1. Sebaceous (oil) glands – a. Holocrine gland (discussed in lecture) b. Sebum c. Blackheads d. Acne 2. Sweat (sudoriferous) glands a. Eccrine – type of merocrine glands b. Apocrine glands – axillary and genital regions primarily5 Complete Activity 4: Differentiating Sebaceous and Sweat Glands Microscopically Although listed separately, this activity is generally accomplished at the same time as the microscopic work and cell models You do not need to discriminate between ecrine (typical) and apocrine (axillary and genital regions) glands in a microscope slide although you should be able to do this on the model. 6. We will not be completing Activity 5: Plotting the distribution of Sweat glands. But if you would like to perform this on your own feel free. Please be sure you feel comfortable with the required portions of the lab first. 7. We will not be completing Activity 6: Taking and Identifying Inked Finger Prints. But if you would like to perform this on your own feel free. Please be sure you feel comfortable with the required portions of the lab first. Complete Review Sheet Exercise. You may check your answers to the Review Sheet questions from the instructor’s book AFTER you have completed them in your own lab manual. They will NOT be collected nor