Lab Activity 1AnatomyAnatomical PositionAnterior LandmarksPosterior LandmarksAnatomical LocationsSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Body Orientation and DirectionSlide 11Planes of the BodyDorsal Body CavityCavitiesSerous MembranesSlide 16Serous Membranes of the HeartQuadrantsAbdominopelvic RegionsLab Activity 2Integumentary SystemSkeletal SystemMuscular SystemNervous SystemEndocrine SystemCardiovascular SystemLymphatic/Immune SystemRespiratory SystemDigestive SystemUrinary SystemReproductive SystemLab Activity 3PowerPoint PresentationCare of the MicroscopePutting Microscope AwayThe EndLab Activity 1Language of AnatomyMartini Chapter 1Portland Community CollegeBI 2312Anatomy•Gross anatomy: the study of body structures visible to the naked eye (without a microscope)•Microscopic anatomy: •Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures of individual cells•Histology: examination of tissues (groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function.3Anatomical Position•Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position:•Body erect•Feet slightly apart•Palms facing forward•Thumbs point away from body4Anterior Landmarks5PosteriorLandmarks6Anatomical Locations•Abdominal: abdominal region•Acromial: the point of the shoulder•Antebrachial: forearm•Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow•Axillary: armpit•Brachial: upper arm•Buccal: cheek of the face•Calcaneal: heel of the foot•Carpal: wrist•Cephalic: head7Anatomical Locations•Cervical: neck•Deltoid: round part of the shoulder•Digital: fingers and toes•Dorsum: back •Femoral: thigh•Frontal: forehead•Gluteal: buttocks•Hallux: big toe•Inguinal: groin•Lumbar: lower back•Mammary: breast8Anatomical Locations•Mental: chin•Nasal: Nose•Occipital: base of the skull•Olecranal: elbow•Oral: mouth•Orbital: bony eye socket•Otic: ear•Palmar: palm of hand•Patellar: Kneecap•Pedal: Foot9Anatomical Locations•Pelvic: pelvis region•Perineal: area between anus and external genitals•Plantar: sole of foot•Pollex: thumb•Popliteal: behind the knee•Pubic: genital region•Sacral: lower back between the hips•Scapular: shoulder blade•Tarsal: ankle•Thoracic: chest•Vertebral: spine10Body Orientationand Direction•These are relative positions•Proximal/distal•Used to describe locations on the arms and legs•GI tract•Medial/lateral•Medial is closer to the midline•Farther away from the midline11Body Orientation and Direction•Dorsal: Back•Ventral: Front•Superior or Cephalad is toward the head•Inferior or Caudal is toward the feet•Anterior: most forward•Posterior: toward the backside12Planes of the Body13•Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system•Contains Brain and Spinal CordDorsal Body Cavity14Cavities•Thoracic Cavity•Heart & Lungs•Subdivided into the mediastinum and plural cavities•Lower border is the diaphragm•Abdominal Cavity•Stomach, Liver, Intestines•Pelvic Cavity•Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum15Serous Membranes•Serous Membranes have two layers1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs•Serous fluid separates the serosae16Serous Membranes17Serous Membranes of the Heart18Quadrants•RUQ•Liver•LUQ•Spleen•RLQ•Appendix•LLQ•Sigmoid colon19Abdominopelvic RegionsLab Activity 2Organ SystemsMartini Chapter 1, Pages 9-1021Integumentary System•Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands•Function:•Forms external body covering•Protects deeper tissues from injury•Involved in vitamin D synthesis•Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry •Site of pain and pressure receptors22Skeletal System •Structure: 206 bones of the human body•Function:•Protects and supports body organs•Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement•Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)•Mineral storage•Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium23Muscular System•Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body•Function: •Locomotion•Manipulation of the environment•Maintaining posture•Thermogenesis (generation of heat)24Nervous System•Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.•Function:•Fast-acting control system of the body•Monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity•Information Assessment25Endocrine System •Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands•Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart•Functions:•Long-term control system of the body•Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.26Cardiovascular System•Structures: •Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)•Functions:•The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.•Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.27Lymphatic/Immune System•Structures:•Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow•Functions:•Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream•Disposal of debris•Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens i.e., disease-causing organisms)•Absorption of fat from the digestive tract28Respiratory System•Structures:•Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs•Functions:•Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove CO2•Regulate blood pH29Digestive System•Structures:•Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder•Functions:•Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells30Urinary System•Structures:•Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,urethra•Functions:•Removal of nitrogenous wastes•Regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity31Reproductive System•Structures:•Male:•Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis•Female:•Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands•Functions:•Making BabiesLab Activity 3The Microscope3334Care of the Microscope1. When transporting microscope, hold in upright position with one hand on the arm and the other