UGC 112 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Current Lecture I. Europe and the EnlightenmentA. Two Different Styles of LeadershipII. Major Tenets of Enlightenment Thought a. Orthodox Church of RussiaIII.“The Great Elector” and Military ExpansionIV. Rise and Decline of the Kievan stateV. On the Fringes of Europea. Roots of Tsarist Autocracyb. Peter the GreatVI. STEM TimelineCurrent LectureEurope and the Enlightenment Leadership from the Top Down in the 17th and 18th centuriesTwo Different Styles of Leadership1. Popular sovereignty—ideas bubble forth from the people (particular association with France and England from the Enlightenment)2. Leadership From the top Down (destot)—man would have a conception of what needed to be done but also would need significant changes.Three examples: (Louis XIV, Prussian electors and Peter the Great)Major Tenets of Enlightenment ThoughtHow did they transform the world?What major changes in government and society grew out of the Atlantic revolutions?How did technology change the world?What socio-cultural, economic, political and other conditions foster innovation?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Greeting—DOH-bruh-yuh OO-truhRussian (Slavic language)Why Use Greek letters?Orthodox Church of Russia“Enlightened Absolutism” vs. Constitutional “Monarchy” (kings ruling as if they had no rivals whatsoever.*“Divine right” of kings—this concept says that rulers perceive themselves as representative here on earth; thus they believe that subjects must not question their power or else they will beput aside by the secret police. In the world today, there are historical parallels to this style of leading (Vladimir Putin)*Popular Sovereignty—somewhere out there is the real concept of power, the notion of legitimacy“The Sun King” As Model—Louis XIV Early Steps: built extraordinary structuresHe inherited a relatively unified state, which stayed relatively united up until the Napoleonic wars Versailles: 15-20 miles outside of Paris. Versailles has wonderful rooms you can wander through. People would see the power and majesty present there. Same thing in the Forbidden City and in Berlin and El Escorial in Spain. All are monumental structures that show architecture portraying a leaders’ power.  Unity vs. disunity—most trade was highly local; taxes were collected by tax farmers Fiscal Crunch: wars, luxury. Louis XIV resided during a time of many conflicts.o Internal dissent and some on the outside of France“The Great Elector” and Military ExpansionConsider Germany itself as a great plain that goes essentially from Germany all the way directly to China (the Great Eurasian steppe) *Treaty of Westphalia—very important event that we must know. It stopped a disastrouswar: The Thirty Years War. This war began in 1618 and was over religion as a consequence of Luther’s Reformationo Forms the foundation of the modern European systemo Very, very important Brandenburg-Prussia’s Rise: seat of the power of the great elector. Holy Roman Empire was held together by an agreement, was a weak state. The great elector became particularly important. Watch for Prussia. It was constantly based on the idea of military conquest AbsolutismMilitarism—the idea of expansion because of the need for defense. Try to protect from tears meant moving upwards.Russia as Absolutist Example: Remnants of absolutism are still present there today. Has been a significant tension between ideas of Westernizers and Russifyers (someone who makes you Russian in character). Putin is a Russifyer. The collapse of the Soviet Union was his greatest letdown of twentieth century. *Kiev—capital of Ukraine. Place where Christianity started in Russia. Rise and Decline of the Kievan stateImpact of nomadic Invasions (Mongols)—they were superb horseman able to move quickly and effectively (Mongolia was their home country…now a days they are one of the richest countries in the world) overturn dynasties in China.Nevsky and Moscow (Muscovy) dukes—he was important in brining power toward the center. *St. PetersburgNevsky created “Muscovites” come from Moscow.Tsar and “service nobility”Person that was head of Russia was known as the *Tsar. The word tsar carries over from Latin, from Caesar meaning person at the top.*Service nobility—you could get money and a title if you served the state during your lifetime.On the Fringes of Europe Orthodox Christianity and St. Vladimir (founder)—this notion of bringing the ideas from the South, outside Russia were particularly important Relationship of Church and State—were very closely linked, much more so than in much of Western Europe. Tsar basically appointed the head of the church. King in western Europe deciding who pope is=modern equivalent Economic links to rest of Europe:o Russia’s biggest export is oil and natural gas. Europe is heated by Russia. Russia has a lot of leverage over Europe because of this economic dependence.  European offshoot or multi-cultural?—Russia is a big example of what Europe was tryingto do. Russia expanded and eventually by the start of the twentieth century; it had 16 constituent republics in it. Russia is still multi-cultural and has problems dealing with many parts.Roots of Tsarist Autocracy:*Kremlin means fortress—was the seat of government power and religion specifically in Moscow. Tsars religious roles: they pointed the hand of the church Land and Serfdom—Serfs and slaves have important differences. Serfs were bound to the land. A rich person could own ten villages but at the same time would control all of the people living in those villages, all of the serfs. War and Peace, author was rich and owned villages. Serfdom was not changed until about 1860 in Russia. Moscow’s centrality—very important geographically. Moscow River is small compared toothers but it was there as a point from which expansion could and did occur. Subordinate position of *boyars, (ideally bureaucrats)—they would work within defined structures with clear rules. External Challenges: coming from China as Russia moved toward the East, coming from Japan by end of 19th century, coming from Europe especially Germany, and before that from Poland and Lithuania. Sweden was a big military power and posed problems as wellPeter the Great- Most