UGC 112 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Current Lecture I. From Ming to Qing in ChinaII. Tokugawa in JapanIII. Cultures of Splendor and Powera. Trade and Controlb. Culture in the Islamic Worldc. Power and Culture Under the MughalsIV. Transformations in AfricaCurrent LectureTransformations in Asia and AfricaFrom Ming to Qing in China(Pages 506-514 in textbook)Ming sovereigns discouraged overseas commerce and forbade traveling abroad, thus they did not reap the benefits of long-distance exchange.In 1644 The Ming dynasty collapsed due to the persistence of local autonomy and increasing changes in the economic and social realm of the dynasty. The reasons for this collapse:- Administrative Problems: Zhu Yijun, the Wanli Emperor aka, The “Son of Heaven” barely left the palace. They had little control over the bureaucracy compared to how they displayed themselves., was not very active as a ruler.- Economic Problems: Japanese pirates ravaged the Chinese coast. Ming government had trouble regulating trade with Japan. Many of them were actually Chinese, but many Ming officials assumed all pirates were Japanese. They terrorized sea-lanes and harbors. The influx of silver from the New World was great initially but eventually led to significant economic dislocations. The result was the early 17th century silver imports exceeded bullion production. Increasing *monetization of the economy entailed silver becoming the primary medium of exchange. Peasants now needed silver to pay their taxes and buy things. They rebelled because they either These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.dealt with inflation or being charged too much. Lastly, Dutch and English assaults on Spanish ships heading to Asia cut down on silver flows into China.- The Collapse of Ming Authority: led to crop failure and famine. Ming generals decided to invite the *Manchus (their northern “barbarian” enemies) into China to stop peasant rebellions. The Manchus accepted but extended their stay until after the rebels’ army was destroyed. The Manchu *Qing dynasty (1644-1911)o The Manchus respected Confucian codes and ethics and kept classic texts as the basis of the prestigious civil service examso To the majority Han population, the Manchu emperor represented himself as the worthyupholder of the familial values and classical Chinese civilization and to Buddhists, the Manchu state offered imperial patronage. - The Qing Dynasty Asserts Control: Manchus were flexible and the Chinese accepted many of their policies. Manchu and Han were forbidden.- Expansion and Trade under the Qing: Economic activity prospered in the 18th century. The Qing established the *Canton system (established by imperial decree in 1759, required European traders to have guild merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees) for Europeans exclusively and this prevented them from freely coming into China. Despite the 17th century being unstable, China was doing well in the 18th century overall. Tokugawa in JapanThe Tokugawa Shogunate—a dynastic state that accomplished something that most of the world’s regimes did not by regulating foreign intrusion. Japan was not explored by outside nations but they still expanded in global trade.- Unification of Japan: *Daimyos were regional ruling families that commanded private armies of warriors called samurai. In 1603 Tokugawa Ieyasu assumed the title of shogun (military ruler). Administrative authority shifted from Kyoto to Ieyasu’s domain headquarters: *Edo. Edo had a population of 150,000 by he time Ieyasu died.Villages paid taxes to the daimyos. The samurai became administrators and were no longer engaged in constant warfare. - Foreign Affairs and Foreigners: Japan was still having EXTERNAL challenges despite their inner prosperity. European traders and Christian missionaries were the countries’ biggest problems. o Japanese authorities expelled all European competitors in trade and allowed only the Protestant Dutch to remain in Japan (confined to an island on Nagasaki). o Trade with China and Korea still flourishedo As the Russians tried harder to open Japan to trade, the Japanese annexed and began to colonize Ezo (eventually called Hokkaido)oChapter 14 Page 525—542Cultures of Splendor and PowerA. Trade and ControlIn 1500, Asia had the world’s most dynamic cultures especially because they profited from the Indian Ocean and China Sea trades. Enlightened absolutists—In Europe, these monarchs restricted the clergy and nobility and hired loyal bureaucrats who championed the knowledge of the new age. World trade had unifying aspects but each society still retained its individuality at the core.B. Culture in the Islamic WorldIslamic cultural and intellectual life now reflected three distinct worlds: the Ottomans, the Safavids and the Mughals. The Ottoman Cultural Synthesis: accommodated both Sufis and ulama (ultraorthodox Islamic jurists who stressed tradition and religious law).Religion and Law: The sultans realized that the sharia (Islamic holy war) would not suffice. Mehmed II began the reform (he was the conqueror of Constantinople). Safavid Culture: In Persia (modern day Iran) is most recognized for providing Shiism a location for displaying its culture. They built mixed political and religious system that extoled a Shiite vision of law and societal structure and took things away from older Persian imperial traditions. Isfahan was its capital from 1598 until the empire’s end in 1722.The Safavids expressed their desire to display absolute power while being accessible to their people through their architecture. Mosques, palaces and other types of buildings along with painting, carpet weaving and calligraphy were prominent. The Topkapi palace in Istanbul, the Citadel in Cairo and the RedForts of the Mughals were some of their important architectural landmarks.C. Power and Culture Under the MughalsThe culture they developed in South Asia was broad and open. It welcomed non-Muslims in its realm and highly valued art and learning. Religious differences were bridged through other aspects of the culture.Religion: Akbar the ruler was very open-minded and conversed with people no matter their social class. He developed a religion of his own and it incorporated aspects of Hindu belief and ritual practice. His advisor Abulfazl wrote a tribute to him