Biology 102Exam 2 Study GuideWhy are Prokaryotes important to Eukaryotes?1. Eukaryotes are said to have evolved from prokaryotes2. Prokaryotes help animals digest food 3. some make certain vitamins What are Stromatolites?- Fossils of cyanobacteria The collective mass of prokaryotes is __x more than the mass of all eukaryotes.- 10xPathogenic….- Can cause disease What are the three morphologies (shapes) of bacteria?1. Spherical, spirochetes2. Spiral (circle), coccus3. Rod (cigar shaped), bacillusGram positive vs. gram negative:- Positive= thick cell wall, and easier to treat- Negative= thin cell wall with an outer TOXIC layer what causes shock when bursted (very difficult to treat).What are Pili? Differences from Flagella and cilia?Biology 102- extensions used for sticking to surfaces, conjugation (sex) through a sex pilis. Flagelli are used for movement and cilia are similar to flagella, but are of more number and are shorter, hair-like structures. How can prokaryotes withstand harsh conditions?- by forming endospores inside their outer cell What is an endospore? What are some examples?- An adaptation in prokaryotes that has a thick protective coat that can be dehydrated andis tolerant of extreme heat and cold. Examples: Anthrax, Botulinum and botox What are Archea?- one of the two domains of prokaryotic life (the other is bacteria) What type of extreme environments can arches live in?- Extreme cold, hot, or salty areas. Basically anything extremely abnormal. What are methanogens?- Organisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct. Where can methanogens be found? and what is unique about them? - They live in the guts of animals, as well as in swamps. They digest cellulose which generates methane gasWhat type of bacteria carries out photosynthesis? - CyanobacteriaBiology 102What are dead zones?- areas around the coast that have low oxygen because of excessive human activities. What causes dead zones and how do they develop?1. High nutrition in the water (Nitrogen & Phosphorous) due to pollution 2. Cyanobacteria & algae (who feed on N & P) bloom in response to excess nutrients3.Eventually use up nutrients & die and are decomposed by other bacteria/fungi4.Decomposition depletes the oxygen b/c they carry out respiration5.Creates hypoxic conditions which = dead zone What are biofilms?- when prokaryotes come together and metabolically work together, forming surface-coating colonies. What infections are caused by biofilms?- Ear and urinary tract infections and the dental plaque that produces tooth decay Name two "things" we get some of our antibiotics from:- Bacteria and Fungi What are exotoxins?- proteins secreted by bacterial cells that cause diseaseWhat are endotoxins?Biology 102- Components of the outer membrane of a gram NEGATIVE bacteria, released when a cell dies or is digested by a predator. What is Lyme's disease?- A bacteria carried by deer ticksWhy is Lyme's disease becoming more prevalent in the US? - more deer, and more deer ticks, less people wearing DEET... etc. What prokaryotes are popular in chemical warfare?- Anthrax and Botulinum What is bioremediation and some examples? - When a bacteria is used to clean up environmental spills, such as oil or sewage. (then the bacteria self destructs)What's the endosymbiotic hypothesis? - Where people think that a prokaryotic cell may have "swallowed" another prokaryotic cell, it couldn't become digested, and then was the first eukaryotic cell. What is symbiosis?- Where two organisms benefit from each otherWhat are two significant evolutionary processes that happened with protists?- The first eukaryotes were protists and the first multicellular organisms were protists.How do amoeba move?Biology 102- using a pseudopodia (false foot)What are protists?- They are eukaryotes that do NOT fit well in any one category (plant, animal or fungi) THEY CAUSE DISEASESWhat is a heterotroph vs an autotroph?- heterotrophs are "secondary eaters" and cannot make their own food, while autotrophs make and eat their own food (photosynthesis)Classify the types of protists by their mode of nutrition:- plant = photosynthesis- animal = ingestion- fungi = absorption Which protist is most closely related to land plants?- green algae, Charophyte(s) What are diatoms?- single celled algae with silica (glass) in their cell wall [Plant-like]Gairdia? (likeness and what it causes) - animal-like, is found in streams that causes severe diarrhea Amboea (likeness and what it causes) - animal-like and cause diarrhea or brain eating. (uses pseudopod)Volvox (likeness and what it causes):- plant-like and colonialBiology 102Euglena (likeness and what it causes) - mixotroph- do NOT cause disease Trypansome (likeness and what it causes):- Animal like, sound in the tse tse fly and causes African sleeping sicknessTrichonympha (likeness and what it causes and where it's found):- Animal like, causes STD, found in the gut of the termites Hypothesis about how multicellular plants evolved? - They think that a single celled organism formed a colony, or volvox, that travel together, but there are specific cells for different jobs (i.e: some for photosynthesis, some for movement with flagella, and some for sexual reproduction) What are water molds? How do they get their nutrition?- fungus-like protists that get nutrition from decomposing, dead, organisms. (by spitting out digestive enzymes on the food they have grown on, and absorbing the nutrients thatare left.What types of symbiotic relationships can fungi have with members of other species? - Positive relationships and negative relationships. Example (negative)- The Chestnut tree and fungus. The roots of the chestnut tree still exist, but as soon as the roots come up the asian plant kills it. Positive example = the mycorrhizae and the relationship with the plantWhat are mycorrhizae? What do they do for plants?Biology 102- They are fungi associated with plant roots. They assist the plant and themselves by absorbing moisture, and also provide minerals for the