PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Fish SchoolingNever let schooling interfere with your education….(apologies to Mark Twain)not all fish aggregations are schools aggregation: group created by the attractiveness of some feature of the environment.shoal: group of fish remaining together for social reasonsSchoolingwww.seafriends.org.nzwww.blackchampagne.comwww.blackchampagne.comnot all fish aggregations are schools aggregation: group created by the attractiveness of some feature of the environment.shoal: group of fish remaining together for social reasonsschool: polarized, synchronized shoal of fish that swim together in the same direction, at a similar speed, with a similar distance between one anotherSchoolingwww.seafriends.org.nzschool shoalwho?25% of fish shoal throughout lives50% shoal at some point in livesSchoolingshape ( highly variable)fast-traveling schools = wedge-shapedfeeding schools = circularminimum size for effectiveness as predation defensemaximum limit for effective coordinated movementSchoolinghow?primarily visual cues, as schools often break up at nightoptomotor reaction - explains prevalence of vertical barsSchoolinghow?primarily visual cues, as schools often break up at nightoptomotor reaction - explains prevalence of vertical barsTank exps. with vertical bars….Schoolingwhy?reduced risk of predationSchooling“dilution” effect - predators only get strayswhy?reduced risk of predationSchooling“dilution” effect - predators only get strays“confusion” effect- flash expansionwhy?reduced risk of predation“dilution” effect - predators only get strays“confusion effect" for predators“flash expansion”traveling: increased hydrodynamic efficiency?usually similar in sizeSchoolingwhy?reduced risk of predation“dilution” effect - predators only get strays“confusion effect" for predators“flash expansion”traveling: increased hydrodynamic efficiency?usually similar in sizeincreased efficiency of food findingSchoolingwhy?reduced risk of predation“dilution” effect - predators only get strays“confusion effect" for predators“flash expansion”traveling: increased hydrodynamic efficiency?usually similar in sizeincreased efficiency of food findingincreased reproductive successminimal sexual segregation in schooling speciesconsensus on where to go for spawningSchoolingWhy not?when food is scarce (solitary feeding is more effective)when risk of disease/parasite transmission is