Early Modern EnglandCentralized Government and Tudor MonarchyThe StuartsCentralized Government and Stuart MonarchySlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13The ProtectorateSlide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Early Modern EnglandTitle page from Leviathan, by Thomas HobbesCentralized Government and Tudor Monarchy Absolute Monarchy and Parliamentary Crisis: the Stuarts• James I (1603-1625)• Charles I (1625-1649)• The Protectorate (1649-1660)• Charles II (1660-1685)• James II (1685-1688)The Stuarts James I (1603-1625)Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• James I was less skillful, politically, than Elizabeth; he stubbornly insisted on the concept of absolute, divine right monarchy, but his royal power was undermined by faction, corruption and the growing economic power of the merchant classThe Stuarts Charles I (1625-1649)Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his fatherCentralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father• Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 when Parliament refused to raise new taxes without consideration of their grievancesCentralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father• Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 when Parliament refused to raise new taxes without consideration of their grievances• Merchant class had gained economic power, but still had less political power than the landed aristocracyCentralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father• Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 when Parliament refused to raise new taxes without consideration of their grievances• Merchant class had gained economic power, but still had less political power than the landed aristocracy• Charles governed without Parliament by raising “ship money”; excise taxes on the continually growing import and export trade that came through England’s port citiesCentralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father• Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 when Parliament refused to raise new taxes without consideration of their grievances• Merchant class had gained economic power, but still had less political power than the landed aristocracy• Charles governed without Parliament by raising “ship money”; excise taxes on the continually growing import and export trade that came through England’s port cities• In 1640, faced with the military costs of putting down a peasant’s rebellion in Ireland and a threatened attack from Scottish nobles at the same time, Charles re-called ParliamentCentralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father• Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 when Parliament refused to raise new taxes without consideration of their grievances• Merchant class had gained economic power, but still had less political power than the landed aristocracy• Charles governed without Parliament by raising “ship money”; excise taxes on the continually growing import and export trade that came through England’s port cities• In 1640, faced with the military costs of putting down a peasant’s rebellion in Ireland and a threatened attack from Scottish nobles at the same time, Charles re-called Parliament• Parliament refused to raise taxes without redress of grievances, so Charles dissolved Parliament againCentralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father• Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 when Parliament refused to raise new taxes without consideration of their grievances• Merchant class had gained economic power, but still had less political power than the landed aristocracy• Charles governed without Parliament by raising “ship money”; excise taxes on the continually growing import and export trade that came through England’s port cities• In 1640, faced with the military costs of putting down a peasant’s rebellion in Ireland and a threatened attack from Scottish nobles at the same time, Charles re-called Parliament• Parliament refused to raise taxes without redress of grievances, so Charles dissolved Parliament again• Parliament refused to dissolve, and instead formed an army and engaged in Civil WarEarly Modern EnglandThe Beheading of Charles I (1649), Anonymous Dutch EngravingThe Protectorate Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector (1649-1658)The Protectorate• In 1649, the Parliamentary forces, under Cromwell, captured the King and put him on trial for treason; the King was convicted, and executedThe Protectorate• In 1649, the Parliamentary forces, under Cromwell, captured the King and put him on trial for treason; the King was convicted, and executed• Under the “protectorate,” during the “interregnum,” England didn’t have a King; Oliver Cromwell ruled as “Lord Protector”The Protectorate• In 1649, the Parliamentary forces, under Cromwell, captured the King and put him on trial for treason; the King was convicted, and executed• Under the “protectorate,” during the “interregnum,” England didn’t have a King; Oliver Cromwell ruled as “Lord Protector” • In effect, Cromwell was a military dictatorThe Stuarts Charles II (1660-1685)Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• In 1660, Charles II was recalled from France to become a “constitutional monarch” with reduced powersCentralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• In 1660, Charles II was recalled from France to become a “constitutional monarch” with reduced powers• Merchant class had more political powerCentralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• In 1660, Charles II was recalled from France to become a “constitutional monarch” with reduced powers• Merchant class had more political power• Political parties—“Tories” and “Whigs” emerged at this timeThe Stuarts James II (1685-1688)Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• In 1685, Charles II died and his brother, James II became kingCentralized Government and Stuart Monarchy• In 1685, Charles II died and his brother, James II became king• James was a Catholic; he had to agree that his successor would not be a Catholic