The TempestThe Conditions of Early ModernitySlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21The TempestHenry Fuseli, The Enchanted Island: Before the Cell of Prospero (1797)The Conditions of Early Modernity• Shift from subsistence agricultural production to urban factory productionThe Conditions of Early ModernityShift from subsistence agricultural production to urban factory production: The ideal society of the Utopians is essentially an urban society, with a rationally organized production and service economyIn Book I of Utopia, Raphael criticizes enclosures of public lands for grazing sheep to produce wool. He observes that, in England, the sheep have grown so wild and greedy that they eat men.The Conditions of Early Modernity• Shift from subsistence agricultural production to urban factory production • Shift from local barter economies to international mercantile capitalismThe Conditions of Early ModernityShift from local barter economies to international mercantile capitalism:The Utopians have a communist economy in which money has been abolished; this implies a critique of the emerging capitalism of EnglishSocietyGonzalo’s speech describing an ideal society in Act I, scene ii of The Tempest projects a paradise without money or workThe Conditions of Early Modernity• Shift from subsistence agricultural production to urban factory production • Shift from local barter economies to international mercantile capitalism• Replacement of the feudal manorial estate by the centralized "nation-state"The Conditions of Early ModernityReplacement of the feudal manorial estate by the centralized "nation-state“ with a divine-right monarch:Utopia is a republic, but it is established by a benevolent monarch, King Utopus, rather than by a popular revolution)In Gonzalo’s vision of an ideal state there would be “no name of magistrate” and “no sovereignty, ” Yet, as Sebastian wrily comments, “he [Gonzalo] would be king on’t”The Conditions of Early Modernity• Shift from subsistence agricultural production to urban factory production • Shift from local barter economies to international mercantile capitalism• Replacement of the feudal manorial estate by the centralized "nation-state“ with a divine-right monarch• Eventual decline of monarchy and emergence of democratic- republican governmentThe Conditions of Early ModernityEventual decline of monarchy and emergence of democratic-republican government:Utopia is a republic, though it has slaveryGonzalo’s paradise seems to be an anarchy, with no government at allThe Conditions of Early Modernity• Shift from subsistence agricultural production to urban factory production • Shift from local barter economies to international mercantile capitalism• Replacement of the feudal manorial estate by the centralized "nation-state“ with a divine-right monarch• Eventual decline of monarchy and emergence of democratic- republican government• The emergence of colonialismThe Conditions of Early ModernityThe emergence of colonialism:Utopians practice colonialism; when a Utopian city has too many inhabitants, some of them colonize (uninhabited?) areas nearbyThe Tempest explores many different aspects of colonialism:Europeans’ appropriation of and exploitation of foreign territoriesEuropeans’ subordination and co-optation of indigenous populations (cf the different treatment of Caliban and Ariel)Europeans’ claims that they are colonizing to bring Christianity and civilization (cf Prospero’s taking credit for the fact that he has taught Caliban how to speak and the fact that he has liberated Ariel)Europeans’ use of colonialism as a way to let off pressure from their own social conflicts (cf Prospero’s exile on Caliban’s island after he has been deposed by Sebastian; Gonzalo’s vision of an island society that would correct all of the bad things about Europe; lower-class men like Stephano and Trinculo seeking to exploit Caliban and set themselves up as rulers of the colonized space)The Conditions of Early Modernity• Shift from subsistence agricultural production to urban factory production • Shift from local barter economies to international mercantile capitalism• Replacement of the feudal manorial estate by the centralized "nation-state“ with a divine-right monarch• Eventual decline of monarchy and emergence of democratic- republican government• The emergence of colonialism• Shift from rigid social hierarchy to self-directed, egalitarian individualismThe Conditions of Early ModernityShift from rigid social hierarchy to self-directed, egalitarian individualism:Utopia is egalitarian, but, it doesn’t seem to encourage individualismIn The Tempest, Trinculo and Stephano imagine themselves as rising in social status, but their aspirations are curtailed by reality (or magic)The Conditions of Early Modernity• Shift from subsistence agricultural production to urban factory production • Shift from local barter economies to international mercantile capitalism• Replacement of the feudal manorial estate by the centralized "nation-state“ with a divine-right monarch• Eventual decline of monarchy and emergence of democratic- republican government• The emergence of colonialism• Shift from rigid social hierarchy to self-directed, egalitarian individualism• Protestant Reformation's challenge to the Roman Catholic ChurchThe Conditions of Early ModernityProtestant Reformation's challenge to the Roman Catholic Church:Utopians have religious freedom and religious toleranceThe Conditions of Early Modernity• Shift from subsistence agricultural production to urban factory production • Shift from local barter economies to international mercantile capitalism• Replacement of the feudal manorial estate by the centralized "nation-state“ with a divine-right monarch• Eventual decline of monarchy and emergence of democratic- republican government• The emergence of colonialism• Shift from rigid social hierarchy to self-directed, egalitarian individualism• Protestant Reformation's challenge to the Roman Catholic Church• Scientific Rationalism (humans can control their own affairs)The Conditions of Early ModernityScientific Rationalism (humans can control their own affairs):This view is the over-riding concept of Utopian societyIn The Tempest,