IndonesiaLocation of IndonesiaIntroductionEarly Kingdoms-SrivijayaEarly Kingdoms- SailendrasEarly Kingdoms - MataramEarly Kingdoms – Kediri & SinghasariEarly Kingdoms - MajapahitSummary of KingdomsQuestionsMore QuestionsThe Dutch in IndonesiaColonization of IndonesiaSlide 14Hermann DaendelsThomas Stamford RafflesSlide 17Role of the RegentJava War (1825-1830)The Culture SystemMax HavelaarOther ReformsThe Ethical PolicyNationalist MovementsSlide 25World War IIIndonesian RevolutionStruggle for IndependenceSovereignty At LastCoping with IndependenceGuided DemocracyForeign PolicyForeign Policy Cont’dSlide 34The Gestapu AffairSuharto’s New OrderNew Order ProblemsThe Downfall of SuhartoB. J. HabbieAbdurrahman WahidSlide 41Separatist MovementsEast TimorAcehWestern New GuineaMegawati SukarnoputriSusilo Bambang YudhoyonoSlide 48Institutions and Social GroupsSlide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59The EndIndonesia Government/History 354 Campbell UniversityLocation of IndonesiaIntroduction•18,108 volcanic islands•Land of spice islands•203-245 Million Population.•4th largest population in world.•88% Sunni Muslim•Largest Muslim population on earth. •Was a Dutch colony.•Is an oil producer.•Maritime choke point.Early Kingdoms-Srivijaya•Srivijaya controlled the Malay Archipelago from 7th thru 13th Century.–Controlled Straits of Malacca and Sunda plus Isthmus of Kra with a powerful fleet.–Capital at Palembang, a center of Buddhist learning.–Benefited from collapse of Funan and surge in Chinese trade during the Tang dynasty.–Conquered briefly by Rajendra Chola in 1025.Early Kingdoms- Sailendras•The Sailendras controlled central Java during 8th & 9th Century. –Royal family was Funanese who had been deposed by Chenla.–Returned to conquer & rule southern Chenla until defeated by Jayavarman II of Angkor in 802.–Built Borobodur (778-824), the greatest Buddhist monument in S. E. Asia.Early Kingdoms - Mataram•Patapan, a Sanjaya prince, usurped the Sailendra throne in 832. The capital was moved to Mataram in 929.•Mataram emulated Sailandra except in religion. A Hindu resurgence led to the construction of the Prambanan complex.•Continued prosperous trade with China & Arabs.Early Kingdoms – Kediri & Singhasari•Mataram challenge Srivijaya’s dominance in 1006, but was decisively defeated.•Rajendra Chola’s warfare with & defeat of Srivijaya in 1026 allowed Airlangga, a Balinese prince, to restore Mataram’s political power.•Airlangga divided his kingdom between his two sons in 1042. The two kingdoms were Janggala and Kediri. Kediri was dominant and flourished in trade with India and the Mediterranean during early 13th Century.•Ken Angrok conquered Janggala and then Kediri to establish the Singhasari 1222. Under King Kertanagara, Singhasari dominated both the Malacca & Sunda Straits until the Mongol invasion in 1292.Early Kingdoms - Majapahit•Kertanagara was killed by a dissident vassal in the face of Kublai Khan’s threatened invasion. His heir, Vijaya, fled to Majapahit. In a twist of fate, the Mongols assisted him in overthrowing the usurper. •The Majapahit prime minister, Gaja Mada (1331-1364), then united all of the archipelago for 75 years..•Majapahit dominance ended with the spread of Islam to Malacca in 1402.•Majapahit was the last great Hindu kingdom in S.E. Asia.Summary of Kingdoms•Srivijaya, 7-13th Century, Java, Sumatra & Malay Peninsula.•Sailendras, 8 – 9th Century, Central Java.•Mataram, 832 – 1042, Central Java.•Janggala, 1042 – 1222, Central Java.•Kediri, 1042 – 1222, Central Java.•Singhasari, 1222 – 1292, Java, Sumatra & Straits.•Majapahit, 1292 – 1402, The Whole Thing.Questions•On which island does the bulk of the Indonesian population reside?•Near what major city is Borobodur located? What religion does it celebrate?•What areas did Srivijaya control?•What is the significance of the Isthmus of Kra?•Where was Funan? •What empire built the Prambanan complex? What religion does it celebrate?•From what kingdom did Singhasari evolve?More Questions•What country claims the largest Islamic population in the world?•What was the last great Hindu kingdom in Indonesia?•How did the Mongols help Vijaya regain the throne of Majapahit?The Dutch in Indonesia•Both the Dutch VOC (Vereenigde Oostandische Compagnie) (1602) and English East India Company (1600) were interested in S.E.Asian trade.•Conflict led to the Ambon Massacre in 1623 and the withdrawal of the East India Company from the archipelago.•The Dutch gradually gained control of the entire archipelago: Ambon – 1605, Malacca – 1641, Aceh – 1667, Macassar –1669, Banten - 1682.•The objective was trade: Indian cottons for spices.Colonization of Indonesia•The Dutch avoided direct administration until the mid 18th Century. Control was exercised thru local rulers who were also doubled as principal traders•The system of leveringen began at end the the 17th Century. Fixed amounts at fixed prices.•Direct administration of areas growing coffee, sugar, indigo and spices began in the 18th Century.Colonization of Indonesia•The Dutch employed their navy to enforce a monopoly on trade with Europe.•There was no effort to impact religion, culture or education.•Dutch trade practices did have the unintentional consequence of displacing the indigenous carriage & distribution trade. One result was the rise of the Bugis pirates.Hermann Daendels•Herman Daendels was appointed Gov-Gen of Indonesia by Napoleon from 1808-11 to improve defenses against the British and improve administration. He –Centralized administration.–Reduced graft and corruption.–Established adat courts.•Increased compulsory coffee production and established a monopoly on rice to raise funds.Thomas Stamford Raffles•Gov-Gen Minto (India) led an invasion of Java in 1811 and left Stamford Raffles in charge. He introduced major reforms.–Permitted land ownership with tax rate based on fertility.–Peasants could cultivate and sell crops of their choice, except coffee.–Created an elaborate court system with jury trials.•Dutch returned in 1816.Questions•Describe the Ambon (Amboyna) Massacre. What was its significance?•What was the leveringen system?•Why did the Dutch seek a monopoly?•Were the Dutch interested in spreading Christianity?•Who were the Bugis pirates?•What were adat