VietnamLocationCharacteristicsAfter Effects of WarEconomyRecent Foreign RelationsEarly HistoryFormation of Nam VietThe Trung SistersChampaQuestionsMore QuestionsStill More QuestionsDai Viet IndependenceMarch SouthLy DynastyTran DynastyThe MongolsLe DynastyEarly Christian ContactVietnam PartitionedTayson Rebellion (1771-1802)Emperor Gia LongGia Long (Cont’d)Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27And Still More QuestionsThe Christian WedgeCochin ChinaExploring the Back DoorThe Red River AlternativeFrench IndochinaFrench Indochina (Cont’d)Indochinese UnionSlide 36Slide 37Slide 38The Rise of NationalismRise of Nationalism (Cont’d)Slide 41World War IIThe August RevolutionFirst Indochina WarDien Bien PhuDien Bien Phu (Cont’d)Slide 47French and U.S. Air SupportGeneva Accords (1954)S.E.A.T.O.Slide 51Slide 52Still More QuestionAfter the AccordsNgo Dinh DiemThe Beginning of ConflictThe Beginning of Conflict (Cont’d)Interdiction of the TrailSlide 59Buddhist ProtestDiem’s AssassinationGulf of Tongking ResolutionRolling ThunderThe Tet OffensiveTet: Victory or DefeatSlide 66Slide 67Slide 68Disengagement with HonorEaster OffensiveLinebacker ISnatching Defeat from VictoryThe Christmas BombingFinal Conquest of the SouthSlide 75Slide 76EpilogueThe EndVietnamGovernment/History 354Campbell UniversityLocationVietnam is surrounded by China to the north; Laos, Cambodia and the Gulf of Siam to the west; and the Gulf of Tonkin, and South China Sea to the east.Characteristics•Vietnam is slightly larger than New Mexico in land area (128,066 sq miles).•Most land is mountainous or hilly. Only 20% is arable.•The climate is hot and humid, subject to the Monsoons.•Its population is 84 million. 86.2%Viet (Kinh) with significant Chinese and Montagnard minorities.•80.8% express no religious preference, 9.% are Buddhist & 6.7% Catholic.After Effects of War•Following the end of the war in 1975, Vietnam engaged in reeducation and collectivization, Soviet style.•From 1975 into the 1990s, refugees fled Vietnam, many as boat people. They were accepted:–United States – 823,000–Australia & Canada – 137,00 each.–France – 96,000.–Germany & U.K. – 19, 000 each•The Philippines, Thailand and Hong Kong were temporary refuges. Vietnamese child in Thailand, 1980Economy•Up to the time of its fall, the Soviet Union was Vietnam’s principal supporter.•In 1986, Doi Moi (Renovation) was instituted. The GNP is now growing at the rate of 8.4% annually.•Per capita income rose from $220 per person to $638 per person in 2005.•The U.S. is its primary export partner (22.2%)Nguyen Tan Dung was elected P.M. in 2006 at the age of 56.China is Vietnam’s primary import partner.Recent Foreign Relations•Invaded Cambodia in 1978. Was punished by a Chinese military campaign in 1979.•Withdrew from Cambodia in 1989.•Normalized relations with U.S. in 1995.•Is a member of ASEAN & AFTA and is seeking membership in the WTO.Ho Chi Min City in the rain. Tourism has become a significant source of income.Vietnam’s beaches are among the most beautiful in the world.Early History•The Hung Dynasty (2879-258 B.C.) was established by Hung Vuong, son of the Lac Dragon Lord, and Au Co, a Chinese immortal. The kingdom was called Van Lang.•In the 6th Century B.C., established wet rice culture and tidal irrigation under feudal Lac Field Lords. Upper Red River delta looking toward Yunnan Province, China.Formation of Nam Viet•An Duong Vuong conquered Van Lang in the 3rd B.C. and united it with Thuc to form Au Lac.•Following the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Trieu Da established Nam Viet in 207 B.C. It included Au Lac and extended from Canton to Hue.•In 111B.C., Nam Viet became a province of Han China and remained so to until 939A.D. Hue City GateThe Trung Sisters•Han Chinese rule became increasingly oppressive. Increased taxes and cultural conformity were demanded, including a patriarchal family structure.•In 39 A.D., the Trung sisters lead a revolt in Tongkin and ruled jointly for two years, then committed suicide in the face of massive Chinese retaliation.A celebration of the Trung sisters’ revolt.Champa•Kiu-lien revolted against China in 192 A.D. to establish the independent Champa (Lin- Yi) with its capital at Indrapura.•The Chams were an Indianized Malay people who were involved in the spice trade and vied for territory with the Khmers of Funan/Chenla.Cham towers between Hue and DanangQuestions•Q1. Which country accepted most of the refugees from Vietnam?•A1. The USA. The number was 823,000.•Q2. What was Doi Moi?•A2. It means “renovation.” The Communist government opened the economy to private enterprise.•Q3. Why did China attack Vietnam in 1979?•A3. To support its client state, Cambodia.More Questions•Q4. During which years was Vietnam first a province of China?•A4. 111 BC to 939 AD.•Q5. Who were the Lac Lords?•A5. Native Vietnamese feudal chieftains who controlled irrigation and owned large rice land estates.•Q5. Who were the Trung sisters?•A5. They led a revolt against the Chinese in 39 AD and ruled jointly for two years before committing suicide.Still More Questions•Q6. Who were the Chams?•A6. An Indianized Malay people who lived in the southern part of Vietnam and became independent of China in 192AD.•Q7. Who was Trieu Da?•A7. The Chinese general (war lord) who founded Nam Viet in 207 BC, after the fall of the Qin Dynasty.Dai Viet Independence•Chinese suzerainty over Vietnam was destabilized by:–The Thai kingdom of Nan Chao briefly seizing control of the country in 862.–The collapse of the Tang Dynasty in 907.•In 939, Ngo Quyen, a Vietnamese general, pushed Chinese forces out of the country.•In 968, Dinh Bo Linh, a local chieftain, united the country and established a peasant mobilization system capable of producing a 100,000 man militia, called the Ten Circuit Army.March South•Binh Bo Linh died in 979. Le Hoan, his military commander, seized the throne, repulsed a Song Chinese attempt to regain control of Vietnam and began the “March South” in 982 by sacking Indrapura.•By 1079, the Chams were forced to cede three northern provinces. Vietnamese peasants quickly occupied the land and converted it to rice production, delta by delta along the narrow coastal plain.Ly Dynasty•Le Hoan was succeeded in 1009 by Ly Cong Uan, commander of the palace guard. He took the reign name of Ly Thai To and established his capital at Dai La (Hanoi).