Soc 1 Lecture 5Tuesday, February 10, 2009Winter ‘091Tuesday, February 10, 2009Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class I. Announcements:The Midterm:Readings? The Love Blog. http://uloveucsb.blogspot.com/Questions?2Tuesday, February 10, 2009Lecture Outline I. What is Class?II. Individual Centered Approach. III. Institutional Centered Approach. IV. Duality Approach.Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class 3Tuesday, February 10, 2009I. What is Class?A. Distinctions: Hierarchy, Power, Wealth, Work, Health & OpportunityIndividual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class 4Tuesday, February 10, 2009I. What is Class?Exercise: 1. Amount of Household Income Last year?Lower Middle Upper2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 = X?Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class 5Tuesday, February 10, 2009I. What is Class?A. Distinctions: Hierarchy, Power, Wealth, Work, Health & Opportunity1. Some Statistics on Inequality in U.S.Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class 6Tuesday, February 10, 20097Tuesday, February 10, 20098Tuesday, February 10, 20099Tuesday, February 10, 200910Tuesday, February 10, 200911Tuesday, February 10, 2009I. What is Class?A. Distinctions: Hierarchy, Power, Wealth, Work, Health & Opportunity1. Some Statistics on Inequality in U.S. Compared to Other Nations.Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class 12Tuesday, February 10, 200913Tuesday, February 10, 200914Tuesday, February 10, 200915Tuesday, February 10, 200916Tuesday, February 10, 200917Tuesday, February 10, 200918Tuesday, February 10, 200919Tuesday, February 10, 200920Tuesday, February 10, 2009Cost of U.S. Labor21Tuesday, February 10, 2009Vacation Time22Tuesday, February 10, 2009Tax as % GNP23Tuesday, February 10, 200924Tuesday, February 10, 2009Adult Literacy Rates25Tuesday, February 10, 2009Expenditures for Job Training, help26Tuesday, February 10, 2009Imprisonment Rates27Tuesday, February 10, 2009I. What is Class?A. Distinctions: Hierarchy, Power, Wealth, Work, Health & Opportunity1. Some Statistics on Inequality in U.S. over time. Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class 28Tuesday, February 10, 200929Tuesday, February 10, 2009THOMAS PIKETTY AND EMMANUEL SAEZ (2003) “INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES,1913–1998”, Quarterly Journal of Economics30Tuesday, February 10, 2009THOMAS PIKETTY AND EMMANUEL SAEZ (2003) “INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES,1913–1998”, Quarterly Journal of Economics31Tuesday, February 10, 200932Tuesday, February 10, 200933Tuesday, February 10, 2009THOMAS PIKETTY AND EMMANUEL SAEZ (2003) “INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES,1913–1998”, Quarterly Journal of Economics34Tuesday, February 10, 200935Tuesday, February 10, 2009THOMAS PIKETTY AND EMMANUEL SAEZ (2003) “INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES,1913–1998”, Quarterly Journal of Economics36Tuesday, February 10, 2009THOMAS PIKETTY AND EMMANUEL SAEZ (2003) “INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES,1913–1998”, Quarterly Journal of Economics37Tuesday, February 10, 2009"How Progressive is the U.S. Federal tax system? A Historical and International Perspective" with Thomas Piketty Journal of Economic Perspectives , 21(1), 3-24, Winter 2007 38Tuesday, February 10, 200939Tuesday, February 10, 200940Tuesday, February 10, 200941Tuesday, February 10, 200942Tuesday, February 10, 200943Tuesday, February 10, 200944Tuesday, February 10, 2009II. Individual Centered Approach.A. The Self made Self. - Survival of the Fittest. - Hard Work, Smarts and Gumption. Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class 45Tuesday, February 10, 2009II. Individual Centered Approach.A. The Self made Self. Individuals Make their Own Lives•! Individuals Make Choices•! Individuals Have Abilities/Resources•! Competition Between Individuals•! The Best (e.g., Brightest, Hardest Working, Most Moral, etc.) SucceedIndividual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class 46Tuesday, February 10, 2009II. Individual Centered Approach.B.History of Individual-Centered Theories in America:1. No Aristocracy.2.!The Frontier (Frederick Jackson Turner).Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class 47Tuesday, February 10, 2009II. Individual Centered Approach.B.History of Individual-Centered Theories in America:3.!Horatio Alger Stories,(Anyone, no matter how poor...)–! ambition, –! hard work, –! ingenuity,–! talent,–! intelligence (IQ),–! motivation,–! industriousness, etc.–! luck!Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class 48Tuesday, February 10, 2009II. Individual Centered Approach.(Ex. of how Institutions Have "Moral Authority.")C.!Continued Persistence American Beliefs About Mobility:!"America is the land of opportunity where everyone who works hard can get ahead."70%!"People who grew up in poor families have an average or better than average chance of getting ahead."67%"People who grew up in working class families have an average or better than average chance of getting ahead."90%Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class 49Tuesday, February 10, 2009II. Individual Centered Approach.D.!Human Capital Theory (Gary Becker):•! Capital (Productivity) = Education, Training, Skills, Job Experience. •! Cost of Capital ($, Time, Energy) Determines Price.Individual --> Capital --> Job (Income)Ex.:MDs + Training/+ $Janitors - Training/ - $Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class 50Tuesday, February 10, 2009II. Individual Centered Approach.Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class Worker's Capital = Self-Investment.•! Stratification System is a Rational Market.•! Individuals Responsible for Own Worth.•! Income Structure Reflects Human Capital Structure51Tuesday, February 10, 2009II. Individual Centered Approach.Individual, Institutional and DualityApproaches to Social Class E.! Cogitive Elite Theory (Hernstein and Murray):•! IQ is basis for Social Stratfn.Fischer, et. al.:•! Intelligence "g"–1 dimension or many? •! Ability to Rank People linearly is fallacious.•! No relationship IQ and later success (control for education).•! Much evidence that poverty varies by social policy.52Tuesday, February 10,