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UCSB SOC 1 - Review for Midterm Exam”

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Soc 1 Review 1Tuesday, February 3, 2009Winter ‘091Tuesday, February 3, 2009“Review for Midterm Exam” I. Announcements:The Test? The Make-up test. Sections this week. Questions?2Tuesday, February 3, 2009“Review for Midterm Exam” I. Plan for the Review:A. Main Idea: Individual and Institutional Centered Explanations. B. The Individual Centered Explanation. 1. The “Natural” Perspective. 2. The Historical & Philosophical Origins of the Modern Self.3. Individual Centered Theories to explain Gender. 4. Individual Centered Theories to explain Sexuality. 3Tuesday, February 3, 2009“Review for Midterm Exam” I. Plan for the Review: C. The Institutional Centered Explanation. 1. What is an Institution? 2. How Institutions Make the Self.3. How Institutions Make Gender. 4. How Institutions Make Sexuality. 4Tuesday, February 3, 2009“Review for Midterm Exam” I. Plan for the Review:D. Linking the particular and the general. E. Study Strategies.5Tuesday, February 3, 2009A. Main Idea: Individual and Institutional Centered Explanations. 1. I/I-Centered Explanations. What are they?A. Theories. Theories about why things happen in society.B. Ideologies. Coupled to interests or systems.C. Hypotheses. Links to explanatory accounts.6Tuesday, February 3, 2009A. Main Idea:Individual and Institutional Centered Explanations. 2. I/I-Centered Explanations. How related?A. There is a Duality between the individual and the institution. Neither can exist w/o the other. B. But this is different than saying, both are true. C. Because they are dual, their character is different. Friedland is working on this problem. D. Before you get to duality, you need to understand I/I. 7Tuesday, February 3, 2009B. Individual Centered Explanations. 1. The “Natural” Perspective. • We live in individual bodies• We live in an age that highlights the ʻselfʼ 2. On the Historical Emergence of the Individual Centered approach?• The ʻselfʼ not always so prominent• When did become so? How did it happen? 8Tuesday, February 3, 2009B. Individual Centered Explanations.3. The Age of Enlightenment:• Period of time in philosophy, Reason, science and the individual seen as primary. •Marks a break with middle ages, “theocracy, aristocracy, “the Divine Right of Kings.”•Starts w/ Descartesʼ “Discourse on Method,” 1637•Ends: French Revolution, 1789from moral dilemmas of self to 9Tuesday, February 3, 2009B. Individual Centered Explanations.4. René Descartes (1596-1650)• from moral dilemmas of self to scientific dilemmas of the universe.• Cogito Ergo Sum—I think therefore I am. • The human mind can discover the natural order of things. 10Tuesday, February 3, 20095. Thomas Hobbes (1589-1679):• English Civil War (1642-1651) (Royalists vs. Parlimentarians) led to execution of Charles I (1649).• The Leviathan (pub. 1651)• How to reconcile power of Individuality & Feudal Power? • (Sympathies with Royalists), fled England. B. Individual Centered Explanations.11Tuesday, February 3, 2009State of Nature:War of allagainst all... ...the life of manwas solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. The sovereign is the solution. He is we. B. Individual Centered Explanations.12Tuesday, February 3, 20096. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): • Inverts Hobbes• State of Nature? yes.• Give up Rights? no. • Sympathies with Democrats.Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men (1755)• “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”, The Social Contract (1762)• 1761 forced to flee ParisB. Individual Centered Explanations.13Tuesday, February 3, 20097. The American Revolution (1776): “The Declaration of Independence” Rejects the Rights of a Monarch to govern “free men”We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolishit....B. Individual Centered Explanations.14Tuesday, February 3, 20098. The French Revolution (1789): “The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen”Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.”• Execution of Louis XVI, 1793B. Individual Centered Explanations.15Tuesday, February 3, 20099. Adam Smith (1723-1790): (Scottish)An Inquiry into the Nature andCauses of the Wealth of Nations (1776)The Invisible Hand guided free marketsemphasizing that if individuals are leftalone to pursue own interests, needs,rational calculations, then the greatestgood for the greatest number will result. Makes the individual foundation of all political economy.B. Individual Centered Explanations.16Tuesday, February 3, 200910. Tenets of the Individual Centered (philosophical) approach:i. The individual is logically prior to society.ii.#The individual is a rational, calculating person, who knows his or her needs (desires, wishes) and acts in such a way as to rationally maximize the fulfillment of those desiresB. Individual Centered Explanations.17Tuesday, February 3, 200910. Tenets of the Individual Centered (philosophical) approach:iii. Society is the result of a social contract, entered into (implictly) by all the members of the society.iv.#Society has no legitimate right to infringe upon the natural civil liberties of the individual.v. Social institutions consist of the accumulated aggregate outcome of all the rational choices made by all the individuals that are members of that society.B. Individual Centered Explanations.18Tuesday, February 3, 200911. Other types of Individual Centered Explanations based on Biological Determinism. A. What is Gender and what is Sex?1. Biology and Craniometry (the measure of heads) (Part of "Anthropometry" = df Measurement of Human Body)• (Stephen Jay Gould, Pandaʼs Thumb) 19th Century explanation was simple: Biological Capacity (mental/bodily)• Paul Broca (1824-1880):B. Individual Centered Explanations.19Tuesday, February 3, 200911. Other types of Individual Centered Explanations based on Biological Determinism. A. What is Gender


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UCSB SOC 1 - Review for Midterm Exam”

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