PSYC 1103 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Role of Theory II. Social Development TheoriesIII. Bronfenbrenner’s Systems TheoryIV. Psychoanalytic TheoriesV. Erikson’s TheoryOutline of Current Lecture VI. Theories of Social Development cont’dA. Evaluating Erikson’s TheoryVII. Kohlberg’s Theory of moral DevelopmentA.Evaluating Kohlberg’s TheoryVIII. TemperamentIX. AttachmentCurrent LectureTheories of Social Development- Evaluating Erikson’s theoryo Still somewhat negative but better than Freud’so There is still turmoil occurring in each stage o Development is a lifelong processo Erikson’s emphasis on the search for identity in adolescence has had a lasting impact- Kohlberg’s theory of moral developmento How did children develop onto a person of character?o Principles and values that guide how people should behave and treat one anothero Methods: Presented moral dilemmas and analyzed responseso Stages of moral development external to internal Pre-conventional- Children concerned with fairnessThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Moral judgments based on obtaining rewards or avoiding punishments- Don’t want to do anything that is considered wrong because they might have to sit in “time-out” or the corner for doing something bad Conventional- Shift towards sophisticated values- Concerned with trust caring and loyalty- Moral decisions based on what they think others will think of them (especially parents ideas of societal rules)o Guided by personal consequences Post-conventional- A more sophisticated way of thinking whether something is wrongor right- Concerned with ethical principles rather than personal consequences- Behavior guided by conscience- Evaluating Kohlberg’s theoryo Moral reasoning does not equal moral behavior What we say and do are not always consistento Minimizes the role of social relationshipso Carol Gilligan: gendered perspective Morality of justice and rights (men)- Emphasizes autonomy, individual rights Morality of care (women)- Emphasizes nonviolence, interconnectedness She examined responses to real life dilemmas (ex: abortion)- Women’s reasons deal with relationships and being responsive to others needs- my parents want me to have an abortion, my boyfriend wants me to keep the child- What to do with all these theorieso An eclectic theoretical orientation Orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects and sues what is considered best in each theoryTemperament attachment and parenting Temperament- A persons specific style of emotional and behavior response- Biological/genetic basiso Attributes present at birth (and even prenatally- activity)o Twin studies- Stable across time and situationso Persons style of responding throughout their lifestyle no matter what situation you are in- Nathan fox longitudinal temperament study – 4 months oldo Why some babies react in a laid back or crying way to a jack-in-a-box- “ – 9 months oldo Want to measure Anger- cant get to a toy because a transparent barrier- One child gets frustrated the other doesn’t care Joy- puppets- One likes it the other cries Fear- scary mask- One kid cries the other laid back- “ 24months oldo The risk room- reactions to various stressful situations Stranger enters room- overcome shyness?- Overcomes when stranger gave toys to him Unpredictable situations- Toy robot scares him with all the unpredictable noises/movements- Other kid doesn’t like the robot also- Abby was intrigued Set of stairs- will he jump off?- One boy climbs down instead of jumps- Other kid jumps- likes to take risks- Abby takes charge of situation and gives instructions to researcherhow to jump off before doing so herself- Temperament styleso Easy (flexible) 40% childreno Difficult (intense, active, feisty) 10% children- difficult to soothe when they are upset Have irregular habitso Slow-to-warm-up (cautious, fearful) 15% children Shy but eager to warm up to things Easier to soothe than difficult category Still not risk takerso Other 35% children are a combination of these patternsAttachment- Early theories based on solely basic biological needso Feud says: mother as “food-cupboard)- Later theories- desire for comfort; fear of unfamiliaro Bowlby says: infants find social interaction intrinsically rewardingo Harlow’s monkeys Infant rhesus monkeys Is it nourishment or contact that matters? Chose between two surrogate “mothers- Cold wire mother versus warm cloth mother- Infants preferred cloth mother across situations Contact comfort is critical to attachment- Had attachment and comfort from this “mother” and then was able to explore the world- Current conceptiono Close emotional bondo Mutual affection and desire to maintain proximityo Provides important foundation for subsequent development and relationshipso Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation Caregivers leave infant along with stranger then return Assess secure base behavior- the child is using his mother as a secure base in order to explore the new environment and then return to mother for emotional security “check-in” with her. Assess infants behavior upon reunion- Secure attachment:o Infant uses caregiver as a secure baseo Upon return infant seeks proximity or contact; soothes easily- Insecure (also called anxious) attachment:o Avoidant- infant ignores and avoids parent; shows little or no distresso Resistant- infant shows hostility or ambivalence toward parent; difficult to soothe- Insecure- poor