PSYC 1103 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Jean Piaget’s TheoryII. Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentIII. Evaluating Piaget’s TheoryIV. Contemporary ResearchOutline of Current Lecture V. The Role of Theory VI. Social Development TheoriesVII. Bronfenbrenner’s Systems TheoryVIII. Psychoanalytic TheoriesIX. Erikson’s TheoryCurrent LectureTheories of Social DevelopmentThe role of theory- Why do we need a theory?o Provides a frameworko Allows us to explain and predict behavioro Simplify and make sense of complexity- Why more than one theory?o Difficult for a single theory to account for all aspects of developmento Each contributes an important piece to the child development puzzle- Theories of social development attempt to account for important aspects of developmento Emotion personality attachment self peer relationships morality and gender- Such theories must:o Explain how children develop into a social beingo Examine the ways the children development is influenced by the people around themSocial development theories- Bandura’s Learning TheoryThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Social learning theory Environment main influence for learning behavior Behavior learned by association (classical/operant conditioning) BUT- cognition also important Observational learning: learning that occurs through observing what others do- Imitation modeling- Cognitively represent- Choose whether to display learned responseso “Bobo Doll” experiment Exposure to aggressive modeling- video of adult beating up a doll - Kid sees it and beats the doll- Devise new ways to hit the doll- gun, throw things at it, doll becomes weapon of assault Children take in input from environment but also using their own cognitive skills- Bronfenbrenner’s Systems Theoryo Ecological systems theory Emphasizes environmental factors Reflects the influence of environmental systems and their interaction- Family, school, health care- all systems- Psychoanalytic theorieso Sigmund Freud Has greater impact on western culture and on thinking about social and personality development than any other psychological theory Psychosexual development- Freud was a neurologist who became interesting in the origins andtreatments of mental illnesses- Believed that many of his patients emotional problems originated in their early childhood relationships- It posits a series of universal developmental stages in which psychic energy becomes focused in different erogenous zoneso Psychic energy- biological based instinctual drives that energize behavior thoughts and feelingso Erogenous zones: areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development Basic features of Freud’s theory- Described development as primarily unconscious- Early experiences with parents extensively shape development- Heavily colored by sexuality and emotion- drives development Stages of psychosexual development- Oral stage birth-1 ½ yearo Infants pleasure centers on the moutho Mother is established as strongest love objecto Biting sucking eating- all pleasure- Anal stage 1 ½-3o Childs pleasure involve eliminative functions Potty training- learning to control these functions- Phallic stage 3-6 yearso Childs pleasure focuses in genitalso Oedipus complete- young boy has incestuous desire for mother, fantasize about eliminating father Castration anxiety- worry his father will know aboutthese desires and will suffer castration from father Need to identify with same sex parent to take on their values and continue with gender roleso Electra complex- “ for father- more troubled relationship with mother Penis envy- they want a penis so they envy their mother cause its her fault they don’t have a penis- mother is inferior cause she doesn’t have a penis- Latency stage 6-pubertyo Psychic “time-out”o Interest in sexuality is repressed/channeled into socially acceptable activities- school and play with same age peers- Genital stage puberty+o Sexual awakeningo Sexual maturation is complete; intercourse major goalo Source of sexual pleasure is someone outside familyo Healthy sexuality Risk of fixation- remain locked in a particular developmental stage- If our needs were not met- Over/under-indulged- perpetually try to seek the pleasure in that stage- Anal-retentive- extremely neat everything perfect- Anal-expulsive- be a messy persono Criticisms Main concepts have been difficult to test scientifically- Vague mechanisms- Much of data to support come from individuals reconstruction of distant past- unknown of accuracy Culture and gender biases Overemphasis on sexual drives- cant all be sexual beings. Cant be most important part of being human Focus on conflicts presents an image of humans that is too negativeo Contributions His emphasis on the importance of early experience and emotional relationships His recognition of the role of subjective experience and unconscious mental activity- Erikson’s theoryo Life-span developmental theory Successor to Freud’s theoryo Psychosocial developmental Theory: Children are more active than simply passive to biological urges Primary motivation for human behavior is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people- Influences our personality traits- Ability to relate to other people 8 stages- Each state characterized by specific development crisis the individual must resolveo Negotiated in social relationships- If the dominant issue of stage is not successfully navigated and solved before next stage the person will continue to struggle with it- 1: trust versus mistrust 0-1yro Cared for or neglectedo Central to all further social/emotional developmento Parents should be sensitive to children at this age- 2: autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3yr)o Allowed to test limits without being shamedo Want to assert independence- but places limits on them- 3: initiative versus guilt (4-5)o Develop high standards without being crushed by worry about not measuring up (confidence)- 4: Industry versus inferiority (6-11)o Master cognitive and social skills (play well with other) Sense of competency- 5: Identity versus role confusion (12-20)o Who am I? o Try on different roles to find out how to identify themselves- 6: