PSYC 1103 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Historical view of ChildrenII. Research Methods in Developmental PsychologyIII. Nature vs. NurtureIV. Enduring themes: continuity vs. discontinuityV. Enduring themes: early and later experienceVI. Enduring Themes: active vs. passive childVII. Enduring Themes: Universal Development vs. Individual DifferenceVIII. A Modern View of Developmental ThemesOutline of Current Lecture IX. Prenatal DevelopmentX. Hazards during prenatal DevelopmentXI. Brain Developmenta. Adolescent brain developmentXII. Physical Developmenta. Adolescent physical developmentCurrent LecturePrenatal and Physical Development- Prenatal developmento Germinal Period (week 1-2) At conception: sperm fertilizes egg, forms zygote Zygote travels to uterus; cell division and implantation occuro Embryonic Period (week 3-8) Genital differentiation; the 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the baby’s sex Genetic female: 23rd pair contains two X chromosomes Genetic male: 23rd pair contains an X and a Y chromosomeo Fetal Period (week 9- birth)  Refinement of genitals, fingers, toes- Nature and nurture; nurture at work even in utero!These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.To what extent can we say that behavioral patterns and traits of newborns are necessarily genetic in origin?What are some possible environmental factors that could affect a fetus?Hazards during prenatal development- Placenta blocks dangerous substances from reaching the embryo and fetus but not allo Teratogens- harmful environmental agents that cause abnormal prenatal development Nicotine Alcohol STIs- Effects of teratogens depend on timing of exposure, dose, postnatal environmentBrain development- Once again nurture is important - The impact of experienceo Plasticity: capacity of brain to be effected by experienceo Synaptic pruning: elimination of some neurons and synapses Second wave in adolescenceAdolescent Brain Development- Earlyo Amygdala Emotions- Lateo Prefrontal cortex Reasoning and decision making Risk takingPhysical development- Reflexes, genetically wired behaviors present at birtho Yawning, sucking, grasping, rooting, startle, coughing, blinking, swallowing- Movemento Although at birth an infant can only make jerky, limited voluntary movements, during the first year of life the ability to move independently grows enormouslyo Universalityo Interconnections between physical, cognitive, socioemotional developments.- Hearingo Newborns hearing is fairly well-developedo Prefer human voices to other soundso Can distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger- Visiono An infants vision is initially limited to following objects without being able to see details, but by the end of their first year they can see clearly- Vision: seeing coloro Infants color vision not developed until about 5-6 monthso Still less sensitive than adultsAdolescent Physical Development- Pubertyo Rapid skeletal and sexual maturation and puberty at onset of adolescence- Testosterone (androgen)- boyso Genital development, height, voice changes, pubic and facial hair- Estradiol (estrogen)- girlso Breasts, uterine, and skeletal development, pubic hair, menarche- Sleep patternso Hormonal shifts in melatonin affects sleep; causing the physiological underpinnings to adolescents’ desire to stay up late and sleep longer in the morningo Impact of not getting enough sleep, many or late or fall asleep at school, lack of attention in class, poor test