ECOl 1000 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 1 Ecology: the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments that determine the distribution, abundance, and the impacts of organismsEnvironmental science: the study of all aspects of the environment, including physical, chemical,and biological factors, particularly with respect to how these aspects affect humansEcology studies how living things relate to one another and their environment and environmental science studies ecological problemsLecture 2 There are 3 periods of population growth: pre-agricultural, agricultural, and industrial. Population grew steadily during the agricultural period because families needed help on the farms. Population grew steadily during the industrial period because nutrition and sanitation improved the quality of life. There are 2 models used to represent population growth: Exponential (logistic) and Geometric. Exponential growth is used to track populations with continuous reproduction and multiple generations such as humansGeometric growth is used for populations that occur at discrete intervals such as birds.Carrying capacity: the number of individuals that the environment can support indefinitelyPopulations can exceed the carrying capacity if the resources such as fresh water is depletedThere are 2 types of factors that control population growth: density-dependent, and density-independentDensity-dependent: factors that influence the growth depending on the sizeDensity-independent: affect population growth regardless of size such as natural disastersLecture 3Ecological footprint: land needed to provide resources and assimilate wasteBycatch: non-target species that get captured and discarded often after they are deadInterface Corp made changes in their business to lessen ecological footprint and become more cost efficiento Skylightso Solar tubes-tube from roof that directs sunlight into buildingo Efficient heating-don't heat at night o Fossil fuel use declined by 55%o Total energy use declined by 43%o Eliminate wasteo Benign emissionso Renewable energyo Closing the loop-recyclingo Efficient transportationLecture 4Total economic value is determined by use values and nonuse valueso Direct use value: resources used directly Provisioning services (water, fish) Cultural and amenity serviceso Indirect use value: resources used indirectly Water purification Value of plants for flood control- Protected people in India from tsunamio Option value: our future possible use Medicines and drugs? 25% of pharmaceutical drugs are derived from nature i.e. frogs from Ecuador have natural pain killer in skino Bequest value: future generations’ possible use No value for you, but value for next generationo Existence value: right of existence Supporting services i.e. Pandas, blue whales, wild eagles, uninhabited landssustainable development: meet present needs without preventing future generations from meeting their needsLecture 5Hydrological cycle: linkage of all marine and freshwater aquatic environments; process of water travel from atmosphere, earth, atmosphereo Heat causes evaporation and transpirationo Rising gases are cooled to yield another state change back to liquido The liquid water is returned to Earth to fill ground storage, underground storage, and to become available for uptake by plants through their root systemso At each stage bonds are made and brokeno Toxins may be picked upMost of the water in the US is used by agricultureEconomic water scarcity: access to water is limited by the ability to pay for it, not by its physical scarcityPhysical water scarcity: us of water is approaching or exceeding sustainable limitsAquifer: an underground region of soil or porous rock which is saturated with waterInfiltration: the process of water soaking into the groundWater table: the top of the underground water-saturated regionImpermeable rock makes it difficult to take out sub-surface waterLake Lanier helps solve water shortage and provides: Source of freshwater Flood control Electricity production Boating, fishing, and other recreation An enormous potential for evaporation- increases loss of water during thesummerTri-state water wars was between GA, AL, and FL over the usage of water and how it effects people downstreamLecture 7Three Gorges Dam: hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River in Chinao Social and environmental costs Forced relocation of Chinese residents to provide space for the dam Archaeological sites were moved or lost Freshwater fish are adversely affected by dams due to changes in the water temperature, altered flow regime, and by the turbine blades of the power plants Dam sits on a seismic fault Sediment settles on the damn rather than downstreamPollution- Point sourceso Some industrial and agricultural sources discharge pollutants directly into a body of water- Nonpoint soureso A variety of sources contribute pollutants that can run off the surface of the land during rainfall and enter the water; air pollutants can fall directly with the raino Enters the waterway from overland flowo More difficult to stopThe dead zone is in Gulf of Mexico and is where organisms are unable to survive because excess nitrogen from rivers and streams within the watershed flow into the larger body of waterRiparian area: a plot of land adjacent to a body of water that is affected by the water’s presenceand that affect the water itselfClean Water Act: established pollution standards and set in motion establishment of best management practices to reduce aquatic pollutionLecture 8There are 2 types of agricultural practices: Traditional and Industrializedo Traditional: human labor and draft animals used to produce food for the family Shifting cultivation in tropical forests Nomadic livestock herding Swidden Agriculture- Tropical trees are cut down and burned in order to clear land for planting- 2 purposes:o Remove debris o Ash is high in minerals and promotes plant growtho Industrialized: large inputs of energy (fossil fuels, fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides) Primarily in developed countries Large expanses of land Most if not all organic matter removed Tilling exposes the soil to wind and water erosion Lost nutrient cycling; large quantities of chemical fertilizers must be added to maintain productivity Monoculture is susceptible to pests and plant