PSYCH 2510 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Psychological ModelsII. Psychodynamic ModelIII. Behavioral ModelIV. Cognitive ModelV. Cognitive-Behavioral ModelVI. Humanistic ModelVII. Sociocultural ModelVIII. Biopsychosocial ModelOutline of Current Lecture I. Research MethodsII. Research at the Cellular LevelIII. Structure of the BrainIV. ForebrainV. Four LobesVI. Endocrine SystemCurrent Lecture1) Research Methodsa) Research Methods in Abnormal Psychologyi) Cellular Levelii) Individual Leveliii) Group Leveliv) Population Level2) Research at the Cellular Levela) The research at the Cellular Level is one of the newest areas of study.b) Basic neuroanatomyc) Two main parts of the human nervous system are:1. Central Nervous System-contains the brain and the spinal cord.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Peripheral Nervous System-subdivided into the sensory-somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.i. Sensory-somatic nervous system consists of the cranial nerves, which control sensation and muscle movement.ii. Automatic nervous system includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. iii. The sympathetic nervous system controls involuntary movements. Activates the body for a state of psychical readiness.iv. The parasympathetic nervous system returns the body functions to resting levels after the sympathetic nervous system has activated them.3) Structure of the Braina) Brain Stem- controls much of the fundamental biological functions associated with living.i) At its base, is the hindbrain, which consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.ii) These structures regulate breathing, heartbeat, and motor controls: activities required for life that occur automatically.b) The midbrain portion of the brain stem has two important functions.1. It’s a coordinating center that brings together sensory information with movement.2. Houses the reticular activating system, which regulates our sleep and arousal systems.c) Moving upward structurally from the brain stem is the thalamus and hypothalamus.i) The thalamus is like the brain’s relay station because it directs nerve signals that carry sensory information to the cortex.ii) The primary function of the hypothalamus is homeostasis, which is the regulation of bodily functions such as blood pressure, body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, and body weight.4) Forebrain a) After the midbrain comes the forebrain which consists of:i) The limbic system: which consists of the amygdala, the cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus.(1) The limbic system mainly deals with emotions and impulses.(2) It’s involved with experience of emotion, regulation of emotional expression, andbasic biological drives like aggression, sex, and appetite.(3) The hippocampus also has a role in memory formation and memory deficits.ii) The basal ganglia: consists of the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, substantia, nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. (1) These structures all inhibit movement.iii) The cerebral cortex: this is the largest part of the forebrain which is divided into two hemispheres known as the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere(1) These structures contribute to reasoning, abstract thought, perception of time, and creativity. (2) The left hemisphere is responsible for language and cognitive functions and tends to process information in a more linear and logical manner. It processes information in parts, sequentially, and uses both language and symbols.(3) The right hemisphere processes the world in a more holistic manner, spatial context, and more associated with creativity, imagery, and intuition.(4) Communication occurs between the two hemispheres and can also compensate for each other by taking over some functions of a damaged area.5) Four Lobesa) Each hemisphere consists of four lobes:1. Temporal lobe, which is associated with processing and understanding auditory and visual information. It also plays a role in naming or labeling of objects and verbal memory.2. The parietal lobe integrates sensory information from various sourcesand involved in visuospatial processing.3. Occipital lobe is the center for visual processing and located at the back of the skull.4. And the frontal lobe, which is the seat of reasoning and plays critical role in impulse control, judgment, language, memory, motor function,problem solving, and sexual and social behavior.a. Frontal lobes are instrumental in planning, coordinating, inhibiting, and executing behavior.b) The corpus callosum connects the two sides of the brain, allowing them to communicatewith one another.6) Endocrine Systema) The body’s endocrine system regulates bodily functions, but uses hormones rather than nerve impulses to do so.b) Endocrine glands produce hormones.i) Hormones: chemical messengers released directly into the bloodstream and act on target organs. c) The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, and known as the “master gland”.i) It controls many endocrine functions including those central to the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy, birth, and