PSYCH 2510 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Historical PerspectivesOutline of Current Lecture I. Current PerspectivesII. Scientist Practitioner ModelIII. Biological ModelIV. Biological Model: NeuronV. Biological Model: SynapseCurrent Lecture1) Current Perspectivesa) Scientist Practitioner Modelb) Biological Modelc) Psychological Modelsi) Psychodynamic ii) Behavioraliii) Cognitiveiv) Humanisticd) Sociocultural Modele) Biopsychosocial Model2) Scientist Practitioner Modela) Psychologists who study abnormal behavior have been trained in the scientist-practitioner model: When providing treatment, psychologists rely on findings of researchi) When conducting research, the psychologist investigates topics that help to guide and improve psychological care.ii) Using a scientific approach, researchers, develop, examine, and discard models as new facts emerge.(1) Models are different findings that give rise to perspectives and try to give coherent explanations from the available clinical observations and research findings.3) Biological Modela) The biological model assumes abnormal behavior results from biological processes of the body- particularly the brain.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b) Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allow direct examination of brain structure and activityc) With these direct observations…i) Now have greater understanding of the role of the brain in abnormal behavior.4) Biological Model: Neurona) Four major Parts:1) Cell body2) Dendrites3) Axons4) Axon Terminals (terminal buttons)b) The brain is a very complex organ, 100 billion neurons make up the brain and between neurons are spaces known as synapses.5) Biological Model: Synapsea) Neurons communicate with neurotransmitters, which are chemical substances and are released into the synapse.i) And then, these land on a receptor site of the next neuron. ii) That neuron fires, sending an electrical impulse down the axon and releasing neurotransmitters into the next synapse, and the process begins again…b) Neurotransmitter activity is basis for brain activityi) Thinking, feeling, motor activity, and related to many physical and mental disorders.6) Biological Modela) Imaging tests, CAT scan and MRI examine the morphology of the brain.i) And are used to determine if parts of the brain are structurally different in those withpsychological disorders.b) Biological scarring: years of living with a disorder cause changes in the brain.c) Although some abnormal behaviors may be related to structural abnormalities, studies of brain functioning seem to be more promising. i) Position emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (FRMI) allow for mapping areas of the brain and identifying brain areas associated with disorders.d) The field of behavioral genetics emerged with works of Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) and his 1869 publication- Heredity Genius.d) Since then, behavioral genetics has explored role of both genes and environment in transmission of behavioral traits. e) Severe biological disorders have continues to defy explanations of biological or environmental etiologyi) Like autism and schizophrenia. Some researchers have proposed a viral infection theory.f) Viral infection theory: during prenatal period or shortly after birth, viral infections might cause brain abnormalities that later lead to behavioral abnormalities. i) There are still several different pathways that may produce this relationship (1) Virus may be acted directly by infecting the central nervous system (CNS).(2) Viruses may act indirectly by changing the immune system of mother or fetus.(3) Both mechanisms may be involved.g) The etiology of most psychological disorders likely to be complex…i) Not traceable to a single genetic, biological, or environmental factor.ii) Other undiscovered variables may be responsible for an illness.7) Biological Modela) Treatmentb) Treatment is usually to try altering the physiology of the brain.i) Drugs to try altering synaptic levels of neurotransmittersii) Surgery to remove brain tissueiii) Induction of seizures to alter brain functionc) Criticized for Reductionismi) Idea that psychological functioning can and should be reduced to simplest biological componentsii) Criticized as to