PSYCH 2510 1nd Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture I. TodayA. History and BackgroundII. Psychological DisorderIII. Psychological DisordersIV. Basic TermsV. Factors Influencing DisordersCurrent Lecture1) Todaya) History and Backgroundi) Defining Psychological Disordersb) Historical Perspectives2) Psychological Disordera) Psychological Disorders = Psychopathology i) This is considered “abnormal behavior”3) Abnormal Behavior is…a) Always considered in contextb) Being different, rare, or unusual does not mean one has a Psychological Disorder.c) Certain “abnormalities” are not negative.i) They result in positive contributions to societyd) Abnormal Behavior: behavior that is inconsistent with the individual’s developmental, cultural, and societal norms, and creates emotional distress or interferes with daily functioning.4) Psychological Disordera) Psychological Disorders are common.b) 47% of adults in the United States have suffered from a psychological disorder at some point in their lives.c) Most common are:i) Anxietyii) Depressive Disordersiii) Alcohol/Drug Use or Dependence 5) Psychological DisorderThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a) Deviant behaviors differ from prevailing societal standards and therefore become abnormal in that specific society or culture. i) Deviant behavior violates societal and cultural norms(1) Though, those norms are always changing. b) Understanding behavior in in a specific context is known as: goodness of fit.c) A behavior is or is not problematic depending on the environment where it is occurring.i) Some change an environment to accommodate a behavior, because when trying to understand a behavior, it becomes necessary to consider context in which the behavior occurs.d) Family norms, cultural traditions, and practices affect behavior in many ways.i) Deviation from the norms of one group involves conformity to those of another.6) Psychological Disordera) As a child matures, behaviors previously considered developmentally appropriate and normal, can become abnormal.b) Eccentric Behavior: may violate societal norms, but often labeled as eccentric rather than abnormal.i) Usually does not cause harm to others or is negative. 7) Psychological Disordera) A behavior has to cause dysfunction to the individual to be considered abnormal.b) Dysfunction refers to disrupting a person’s life negatively.c) Frequency alone does not mean a behavior is maladaptive, but frequency leads to dysfunction and distress.i) When one of these conditions is evident, presence of a psychological disorder must be considered. 8) Psychological Disordera) When an individual begins to experience distress, usually becomes sad or depressed andcould even become suicidal. b) Distress tends to cause inward negative emotions for that individual. 9) Psychological Disordersa) Behaviors are considered using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM)b) This diagnostic system uses an approach that focuses on symptoms and scientific basis for the disorders. c) DSM system uses a categorical approach to define abnormal behavior. i) Categorical involves determining the presence of certain symptoms. 10) Basic Termsa) Disorders are usually described in terms of their:i) Clinical presentation: specific symptoms cluster togetherii) Etiology: what causes this disorder?iii) Developmental stage: does this disorder look different in children than in adults?iv) Functional impairment: short-term and long-term consequences.11) Factors Influencing Disordersa) Contextual factors play an important role when considering if and when abnormal behaviors may develop.i) Some of these factors include: sex, race, ethnicity, cultureb) Socioeconomic Status (SES): defined by family income and educational achievement alsoaffects prevalence of psychological disorders in general population.i) “Downward drif”ii) Once disorder is present, children from lower SES category are less likely to overcome or recover from their disorder.iii) By age 16, 1 of 3 has suffered from a psychological disorder (36%). c) Psychologists know that developmental maturity affects:i) When and how symptoms developii) What types of symptoms developiii) And what kinds of disorders occur12) Factors Influencing Disordersa) Developmental trajectory: idea that common symptoms of a disorder vary according to aperson’s age.b) Inattention to developmental differences may result in inaccurate detection of psychological