PSYCH 2510 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. TodayA. History and BackgroundII. Psychological DisorderIII. Psychological DisordersIV. Basic TermsV. Factors Influencing DisordersOutline of Current Lecture I. Historical PerspectivesCurrent Lecture1) Historical Perspectivesa) There are three general models that are used to explain psychological disorders over the years.i) Supernatural: abnormal behavior resulting from demonic presences or witchcraft. Strange happenings without an explanation were believed to result from supernatural acts.ii) Biological: assumes abnormal behavior results from biological processes of the body-particularly the brain.iii) Psychological: psychological approaches emphasize how environmental factors may influence development and maintenance of abnormal behavior.2) Historical Perspectivesa) Ancient Theoriesi) Ancient Egyptians believed spirits controlled much of the environment and aspects of a person’s behavior.ii) Even before Egyptians, some cultures engaged in a practice called-(1) Trephination: using a circular instrument to cut away sections of the skull.iii) This was assumed to be a treatment for abnormal behaviors and that opening up theskull would release the evil spirits that controlled the person.3) Historical Perspectivesa) Classical Greek and Roman PeriodsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i) Ancient Greeks believed the Gods were the ones that controlled abnormal behavior and defying the deities could result in mental illnesses. b) Asclepius introduced an organic model of illness to explain psychological symptoms and provided treatment using plants and other natural substances. c) Many temples were established in Greece to honor Asclepiusi) One was first known as sanctuary for mental disorders, which offered biological, physical, and psychological treatments. d) During this period, mental illnesses were considered to result from traumatic experiences or an imbalance in fluids found within the body.i) These fluids were called humors. 4) Historical Perspectivesa) Often considered father of medicine was, Hippocrates.b) He produced a diagnostic classification system and a model by which to explain abnormal behavior.c) He also, believed some abnormal behaviors resulted when environmental factors and/orphysical factors created an imbalance in four bodily humors.i) These bodily humors are: yellow bile, black bile, blood, phlegmd) Hippocrates identified common psychological symptoms like:i) Hallucinations, delusions, melancholia, mania, hysteria/conversion disorder e) Hysteria was used to describe patients who appeared to have blindness or paralysis for no organic cause. i) Hysteria was called the “wandering uterus” which he believed only occurred in women and that performing sexual acts with the woman’s husband or becoming pregnant would cure her. ii) These assumptions Hippocrates made were proven wrong.5) Historical Perspectivesa) Middle Ages Through the Renaissancei) In Medieval Europe, demons were considered to be source of all evil.(1) Believed the demons preyed on the “captive and outwitted minds of men”ii) Church officials interpreted negative behavior as work of the devil or as witchcraf.(1) They would ship the abnormal or “possessed” away-Ship of Fools.iii) There is now a scientific basis for the mass hysteria that occurred during the 14th-17thages.iv) It is now known as-Emotional Contagion: automatic mimicry and synchronization of expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements of one person by another.b) Beginning in 16th century, people with mental illnesses were housed in asylums.i) The lack of effective treatments turned the facilities into warehouses, called madhouses. 6) Historical Perspectivesa) Some supernatural explanations for psychological disorders exist to this day.b) People tend to believe that a disorder is a punishment for doing evil actions towards others.7) Historical Perspectivesa) Nineteenth Century and the Beginning of Modern Thoughti) Medical treatment of mental illness changed during late 18th century. b) Philippe Pinel and English Quaker William Tuke radically changed the approach to treating mental illness.i) Pinel advocated daytime activities instead of restraints.ii) Tuke established the york retreat, which was a small country house that allowed people with mental illnesses to live, work, and relax in a compassionate and religiousenvironment.iii) Both helped enact moral treatment.c) Moral treatment in the United States most commonly associated with Benjamin Rush and Dorothea Dix.i) Rush believed the human mind was the most important area of study.ii) Dix believed asylums, correctly designed and operated, would allow for treatment and perhaps even cure.8) Historical Perspectivesa) Nineteenth to Twentieth Centuryb) Significant event for establishing a biological basis for some psychological disorders occurred in the latter part of the 19th century.i) Discovery that a physical disease could cause a psychological disorder was a significant advance in understanding abnormal behavior.c) Emil Kraepelin applied Wundt’s scientific methods to measure behavioral deviations.i) Dementia praecox, now called schizophrenia, was Kraeplein’s term for a type of mental illness characterized by mental deterioration.d) Josef Breuer used hypnosis to treat patients with hysteriai) Including a young woman, Anna O.ii) He called his treatment the talking cure.e) He lay down the foundation for a new approach to mental disorders.i) Led to psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive traditions.9) Historical Perspectivesa) Twentieth Centuryb) Psychoanalytic Theoryi) Sigmund Freud introduced Psychoanalysis.(1) Which is a comprehensive theory that attempts to explain both normal and abnormal behavior.c) Psychoanalytic theory has three important aspects:1. Structure of the mind2. Strategies used to deal with threats to the stability of the mind3. The stages of psychosocial development crucial for the development of normal or abnormal behaviorii) Also, has three regions of the mind:1. ID- always seeks pleasure, totally unconscious, and urges and has activities outside of our awareness.2. Ego- develops when the ID comes in contact with reality rather than seeking pleasure, ego copes with reality.3. Superego- imposes moral restraint on the ID’s impulses when moral