Managing groupsWhat is a team?Which are the different types of groups?Measures of team effectiveness.Which factors affect team effectiveness?Team characteristicsGroup sizeMember rolesTeam Member RolesGroup normsGroup cohesivenessGroupthinkTechniques to diminish groupthinkTeam processes/Stages of team development (Exh. 16.5)Managing groupsWhat is a group/team?What is a group/team?Which are the different types of groups?Which are the different types of groups?How to evaluate team effectiveness?How to evaluate team effectiveness?Which factors affect group effectiveness?Which factors affect group effectiveness?What is a team? A team is a unit of two or more people who A team is a unit of two or more people who interact and coordinate their work to interact and coordinate their work to accomplish a specific objective.accomplish a specific objective.Which are the different types of groups?Formal vs. informal groups.Formal vs. informal groups.FormalFormalHorizontal and vertical teams (see Exh. 16.2). Horizontal and vertical teams (see Exh. 16.2). InformalInformalWhen can they play a negative role in the When can they play a negative role in the organization? organization?Measures of team effectiveness.Which factors affect team effectiveness?Depends on team characteristics and team Depends on team characteristics and team processes.processes.Team characteristicsGroup sizeGroup sizeMember rolesMember rolesGroup normsGroup normsGroup cohesivenessGroup cohesivenessGroup sizeMember rolesTask specialist roleTask specialist roleSocioemotional roleSocioemotional roleMember roles can be viewed as existing in Member roles can be viewed as existing in a continuum (Shortell-Table 6.2).a continuum (Shortell-Table 6.2).Teams must be well-balanced: satisfy social Teams must be well-balanced: satisfy social needs and accomplish the team’s task. needs and accomplish the team’s task.Harcourt Brace & Company.Team Member RolesTask SpecialistRoleNonparticipatorRoleSocioemotionalRoleDualRoleHighHighHighHighLowLowLowLowMember Member Task Task BehaviorBehaviorMember Member Social Social BehaviorBehaviorGroup normsInformal. Informal. Relate to day-to-day behavior and employee Relate to day-to-day behavior and employee output and performance.output and performance.Group cohesivenessIs group cohesiveness good or bad?Is group cohesiveness good or bad?GroupthinkMode of thinking that people engage in Mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, and when the members’ strivings in-group, and when the members’ strivings for unanimity override their motivation to for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of realistically appraise alternative courses of action. action.Techniques to diminish groupthinkDevil’s advocateDevil’s advocateMultiple advocacyMultiple advocacyBrainstormingBrainstormingStrive for group heterogeneity. Strive for group heterogeneity.Team processes/Stages of team development (Exh. 16.5)The five stages usually occur in sequence. The five stages usually occur in sequence. Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning.Adjourning.Not all groups go through all stagesNot all groups go through all stagesManagers need to consider the stage of Managers need to consider the stage of team development in establishing group team development in establishing group expectations.