BIOL 152 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 5 Lecture 1 January 14 Natural Selection Describe Adaptive Adaptations What is Speciation Discuss the beginning of Evolution What is Evolution What is Theoretical about Darwin s View of Life Adaptive Adaptations and Speciation Species have to adapt to new environments over time They promote organism s survival in natural habitats those that survive and reproduce are better adapted Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise What is Evolution Change in allele frequency time It is supported by an overwhelming amount of specific evidence o A different selection process support 1 o Homology support 2 o Analogy similarity in function o The Fossil Record support 3 o Biogeography support 4 What is Theoretical about Darwin s View of Life Evolution by natural selection o Common thread in all of biology o Stimulates many new research questions Lecture 2 January 16 Hardy Weinberg What is the smallest unit of evolution How does genetic variation make evolution possible The Hardy Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving What is a population How are allele frequencies calculated What about describing individuals What are the conditions for the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Microevolution Change in allele frequencies in a population over time 4 mechanisms cause allele frequency change o o o o Natural selection Genetic drif Gene flow Mutation Genetic Variation makes Evolution Possible Evolution requires variation in heritable traits Genetic variation variation from differences in genes Variation within a population Sources of genetic variation Sexual Reproduction Hardy Weinberg Equation What is a population o Localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring Hardy Weinberg Principle describes a population that s not evolving o Criteria not met Population evolving Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium is when frequencies of alleles and genotypes remain constant in a population Allele frequencies are calculated by p q 1 Describing individuals p2 2pq q2 o All should up to 1 or 100 Conditions for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium No Mutations Random Mating No Natural Selection Extremely Large Population Size No Gene Flow Lecture 3 January 21 Agents of Microevolution What can Genetic Drift result in Which is true of gene flow Genetic Drif can result in Founder effect Bottleneck effect Gene Flow It can result in populations that are more genetically similar Can affect how well populations are adapted to local environments Can result in the transfer of alleles that improve the ability of populations to adapt o Mutations o Sexual selection o Natural selection Modes of selection o Stabilizing o Directional o Disruptive Lecture 4 January 23 Species What is a species How else can we define a species How can populations be reproductively isolated A species is Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other groups We can also define a species by Morphospecies Populations can be reproductively isolated by Intrinsic mechanisms Extrinsic mechanisms Reproductive isolation o Ecological isolation o Temporal isolation o Behavioral isolation o Mechanical isolation o Gametic isolation o Hybrid Inviability or Infertility Lecture 5 January 28 Biological Species Concept Extrinsic Mechanisms Geographic Separation NO geographic separation Polyploidy Extrinsic Mechanisms The Biological Species Concept is defined by whether or not gene flow can occur o Over time can lead to speciation Geographic Separation Allopatric Barrier interrupts gene flow NO Geographic Separation Sympatric Gene flow is still disrupted Polyploidy Extra sets of chromosomes nondisjunction Other mechanisms o Habitat differentiation o Sexual selection