BIOL 152 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1 (January 14)Natural SelectionDescribe Adaptive/Adaptations. What is Speciation? Discuss the beginning of Evolution. What is Evolution? What is Theoretical about Darwin’s View of Life?Adaptive/Adaptations and Speciation:- Species have to adapt to new environments over time. They promote organism’s survival in natural habitats; those that survive and reproduce are better adapted. Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. What is Evolution?- Change in allele frequency/time- It is supported by an overwhelming amount of specific evidenceo A different selection process : support 1 o Homology : support 2 o Analogy: similarity in functiono The Fossil Record : support 3o Biogeography: support 4 What is Theoretical about Darwin’s View of Life?- Evolution by natural selectiono Common thread in all of biologyo Stimulates many new research questionsLecture 2 (January 16) Hardy-WeinbergWhat is the smallest unit of evolution? How does genetic variation make evolution possible? TheHardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving. What is a population? How are allele frequencies calculated? What about describing individuals? What are the conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? Microevolution:- Change in allele frequencies in a population over time- 4 mechanisms cause allele frequency changeo Natural selectiono Genetic drifo Gene flowo Mutation Genetic Variation makes Evolution Possible: - Evolution requires variation in heritable traits- Genetic variation: variation from differences in genes- Variation within a population- Sources of genetic variation- Sexual ReproductionHardy-Weinberg Equation: - What is a population?o Localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. - Hardy-Weinberg Principle describes a population that’s not evolving o Criteria not met? Population evolving- Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is when frequencies of alleles and genotypes remain constant in a population. - Allele frequencies are calculated by p+q=1- Describing individuals: p2+2pq+q2 = o All should up to 1 or 100%Conditions for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium:- No Mutations- Random Mating- No Natural Selection- Extremely Large Population Size- No Gene FlowLecture 3 (January 21)Agents of MicroevolutionWhat can Genetic Drift result in? Which is true of gene flow?Genetic Drif can result in:- Founder effect- Bottleneck effectGene Flow:- It can result in populations that are more genetically similar- Can affect how well populations are adapted to local environments- Can result in the transfer of alleles that improve the ability of populations to adapt.o Mutationso Sexual selectiono Natural selection- Modes of selectiono Stabilizing o Directionalo DisruptiveLecture 4 (January 23)SpeciesWhat is a species? How else can we define a species? How can populations be reproductively isolated? A species is:- Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other groupsWe can also define a species by:- MorphospeciesPopulations can be reproductively isolated by:- Intrinsic mechanisms- Extrinsic mechanisms- Reproductive isolation:o Ecological isolationo Temporal isolationo Behavioral isolationo Mechanical isolationo Gametic isolationo Hybrid Inviability or Infertility Lecture 5 (January 28) Biological Species ConceptExtrinsic Mechanisms. Geographic Separation. NO geographic separation. Polyploidy.Extrinsic Mechanisms:- The Biological Species Concept is defined by whether or not gene flow can occur. o Over time can lead to speciationGeographic Separation:- Allopatric - Barrier interrupts gene flowNO Geographic Separation:- Sympatric- Gene flow is still disrupted Polyploidy:- Extra sets of chromosomes (nondisjunction)- Other mechanismso Habitat differentiationo Sexual