Phylogenetics - IB 200B 17 Feb 2009 Heterochrony & Phylogenetics All members of a monophyletic taxon share a common ancestor whose developmental pathway was modified to produce descendant morphologies. Haeckel, E. 1899 - originally a physician became professor of comparative anatomy, later professor of zoology, a chair established for him at Jena. Haeckel was deeply influenced by Darwin's "Origin…", and became "the apostle of Darwinism in Germany." Also coined term "Ecology." "I established the opposite view, that this history of the embryo (ontogeny) must be completed by a second, equally valuable, and closely connected branch of thought - the history of race (phylogeny). Both of these branches of evolutionary science are, in my opinion, in the closest causal connection; this arises from the reciprocal action of the laws of heredity and adaptation... 'ontogenesis is a brief and rapid recapitulation of phylogenesis, determined by the physiological functions of heredity (generation) and adaptation (maintenance).” Rejection of recapitulationist ideas in the early part of this century, however, the study of links between development and evolution was relatively neglected until Ontogeny and Phylogeny was published by Gould in 1977. Gould presented his own ideas on heterochrony (evolutionary changes in the timing of development), presenting a unified view of neoteny, recapitulation, paedogenesis, retardation, progenesis, etc. Basic idea is that all heterochrony is a result of acceleration or retardation of different developmental processes (growth, sexual maturation, morphological changes, etc.). Heterochrony involves three kinds of evolutionary changes in the timing of development: changes in rate, changes in onset time, and changes in offset time. Each change can either be an increase or a decrease, thus six kinds of pure heterochrony can be defined: neoteny (slower rate), acceleration (faster rate), post-displacement (late onset), pre-displacement (early onset), progenesis (early offset) and hypermorphosis (late offset). Paedomorphosis (underdevelopment in descendant adults) is caused by the first of each preceding pair. Peramorphosis is the opposite pattern with opposite processes. (McKinney & McNamara, 1991).Phylogenetics - IB 200B 17 Feb 2009 Gould (1977) Clock-models Size and shape added to the determination of heterochrony by Gould (1977).Phylogenetics - IB 200B 17 Feb 2009 Smith (2001) Organisms are not “heterochronic.” Dissociation of developmental pathways.Phylogenetics - IB 200B 17 Feb 2009 Lindberg (1988)Phylogenetics - IB 200B 17 Feb 2009 Ontogeny enters into our consideration of phylogenetics at three levels: (1) Polarization of character state transformations (augmentation or primary). (2) Assessment of homology. (3) The recognition and exploration of heterochronic (and heterotopic) patterns in the ingroup. Heterotopy - change in spatial patterning of ontogenetic processes (another Haeckel term). Heterochrony is of interest because produces novelties constrained along ancestral ontogenies, giving rise to parallelisms between ontogeny and phylogeny. Heterotopy can produce new morphologies along trajectories different from those of the ancestors. As discussed above, heterochrony has an analytical formalism that virtually precludes the recognition of heterotopy (Zelditch & Fink 1996). Hennig recognized both the problems and advantages of ontogeny and coined term semaphoront - an organism at a particular stage in ontogeny. The quantification of these patterns usually involves constructing ontogenetic trajectories; vectors or curves that describe shape and size change through development. Although differences in these trajectories have been equated with developmental processes (ie. progenesis, neoteny, acceleration, hypermorphosis, etc., trajectories confound the mechanisms that create morphology with the results of those processes (i.e., shape or size change at different times in ontogeny). Thus, heterochronic and heterotopic shifts cannot be considered processes or causal in producing novel morphologies, but rather the outcomes of changes in mechanisms that do. Although heterochrony and heterotopy do not necessarily produce novel morphologies, the construction of ontogenetic trajectories serves as a starting point for examination of generative mechanisms. Lindberg & Guralnick (2003) 4a4A3a3A3a13a22a2A2a22a12a112a121a1A1a11a111a121a2AABABCDCDcell number2a212a221a1111a1121a1211a1221a211a221a2111a2121a2211a222cell divisionsbaB1q4d1q21q112q2q122q13q3q11Q2Q3Q4QA-D1q1q122q22q113q24a-c1a1211a12211q211q221q2211q2221a1121a1114d14d2Phylogenetics - IB 200B 17 Feb 2009 2 9 11 1210 3 5 6 9 11 12 131422 610 13121q 2q 3q 4Q3q1q 2q 3q 4Q 4d1q 3q 4d 1q4Q5 6 6 656 5 6 6 6 6 6 755 65 662 = Character number1q = Cell lineage5 = Cell divisionPolyplacophoraPatellogastropodaVetigastropodaNeritopsinaSorbeoconchaArchitaenoglossaOpisthobranchiaValvatoideaPulmonata7 8 9 11 2q 3q4 5 6 6 4 9 131q 2q 4d6 5 692q610 133q 4d5 6 1 5 11 1q 3q4 5 621q5 Characters 7-9 – this cell lineage produces prototroch and posttrochal ectoderm; the first stomatoblast contributes to the formation of the foot and shell gland (Dictus and Damen 1997). 7 – median number of cells present at formation of 2q cell lineage (4th division): 16=0 and 12=1. 8 – median number of cells present at formation of 2q1 cell lineage (5th division): 32=0, 24=1. 9 – median number of cells present at formation of 2q11 cell lineage (6th division): 60=0, 52=1, 44=2, 41=3, 37-38=4 and 32=5. Characters 10-11 – this cell lineage produces ectomesoderm and posttrochal ectoderm (Dictus and Damen 1997). 10 – median number of cells present at formation of 3q cell lineage (5th division): 20=0, 23-24=1, and 32=2. 11 – median number of cells present at formation of 3q1 cell lineage (6th division): 54=0, 60=1, 48=2, 40-41=3, and 36=4.Phylogenetics - IB 200B 17 Feb 2009 Cell lineageNumber of cells0102030405060PolyplacophoraPatellogastropodaVetigastropodaNeritopsinaArchitaenoglossaSorbeoconchaValvatoideaOpisthobranchiaPulmonata1q to 1q11122q to 2q113q to 3q1 Mosaic and regulative development - does determination produced different rules in different
View Full Document
Unlocking...