Earth Materials Midterm Exam Review Outline Spring 2009 Review session mONDAY bring specific questions problems ex Can you explain Pauling s rules is not a specific question How can I determine if a molecular subunit is anisodesmic mesodesmic or isodesmic is All Materials may be found in either the notes or the material covered in the book and usually both The following is a detailed outline of the material which you are expected to be responsible for on the mid term exam next week 1 General chemistry of Earth Materials a Distribution of elements in the universe and on earth b Types of bonds an understanding in particular of ionic and covalent bonding in common minerals as well as other types of bonds and the properties this affects 2 Pauling s Rules a Should know first 2 inside and out radius ratio and electrostatic valency principle b Be able to calculate radius ratio and determine coordination numbers bond strength c Know difference between isodesmic anisodesmic and mesodesmic subunits as well as describe how they are important in bonding and silica polymerization 3 Know the 7 ways in which silica tetrahedral polymerize forming the major divisions of silicate minerals 4 Mineral formulas a Be able to read chemical formulas b Be able to normalize a simple chemical formula 5 Be able to discuss chemical fingerprints chemical makeup isotopes and what governs how easily one ion may substitute for another 6 Mineral Growth be able to discuss different ways minerals form and get bigger focsed especially on Ostwald ripening 7 Symmetry elements know the different operators and have some understanding that they combine to define point groups 8 Know the 6 major crystal systems very well 9 Crystallography be able to define a lattice unit cell a Know differences between the 14 Bravais lattices unit cell types primitive body face end centered b Know how space groups are defined symmetry point groups Bravais lattices screw glide translations 10 Light interaction you should have a good working knowledge of the electromagnetic spectrum and basic properties especially wave forms wave particle duality AND be able to describe the different ways light lasers x rays electrons interact with minerals a Reflection transmission refraction scattering absorption emission of a different particle b Color be well versed in different ways in which color is developed in minerals be able to bring together mineral chemistry structure with light interaction c You should have a general understanding of fluorescence 11 Mineral physical properties have a working knowledge of hardness density magnetism know types and acid reaction how does all of it relate to mineral chemistry structure 12 Analytical methods use your understanding of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation light electrons x rays etc with minerals to describe different analytical methods to analyze minerals 13 X rays Be able to describe how X rays are generated and ways they interact with minerals a Interference you should understand constructive and destructive interference as applied to any form of electromagnetic radiation b Diffraction be able to describe diffraction relationship to spacing of atoms in planes defined through crystallography c Bragg s Law you should understand this very well be able to use it describe how it works with different sources of radiation and what kind of information we can get from X ray diffraction experiments utilizing Bragg s Law 14 Optical microscopy a How polarizers work in a petrographic microscope b Be able to describe how color relief pleochroism develop in plane polarized light c Be able to describe light reorientation by minerals under cross polars d Recognize how internal order affects optical properties how are the 6 major crystal classes divided in terms of optical properties how can you use optical microscopy to tell between certain classes e Be able to describe basic principles of refraction ordinary vs extraordinary rays and how this relates to extinction and birefringence
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