Geol 110 Earth MaterialsClass GoalsGradingWhere do earth’s materials form?Structure of the EarthPlate TectonicsSlide 7Spreading centersSlide 9Changing landscapeSlide 11EnergyEarthquakesSlide 14WaterSlide 16WavesTsunamisSlide 19Volcanic provincesMt. PinatuboLavaSlide 23Volcanic settingsSlide 25Explosive eruptionsSlide 27Hot spotsSlide 29Basalt flowsPlutonsIntrusionsMetamorphic settingsOrogenic settingsOre depositsOilWeatheringSedimentary depositionDepositional settingsChemical depositionFossilsBiomineralsA word about classification…Geol 110Earth MaterialsLecture: MWF 1:25- 2:15 p.m.Lab: T 9:30 – 12:15 OR Th 1:30 – 4:30 p.mProfessor: Greg DruschelOffice: Delehanty 321Office Hours : WF 2:15-3:15 pmT.A.: Phoebe JudgeClass Goals•Recognize major rock-forming minerals and other selected minerals in hand specimen and thin section•Master use of several techniques for the identification of minerals, including the petrographic microscope and x-ray diffractometer•Develop the ability to relate crystal chemistry, crystallographic alignment, and physical attributes of a mineral to guide identification and assess a mineral’s origin and historyGrading•Laboratories 20%•Lab exam 10%•Mid-term exam 20%•Final exam 20%•Adopted mineral paper 10%•Homeworks 10%•Participation 10 %Where do earth’s materials form?Structure of the EarthPlate TectonicsSpreading centersChanging landscapeEnergy•We will revisit the concept of energy as a waveform in many manifestations – light energy, particle energy, sound energy•Waves in water are also an expression of energy, but the expression of that energy has different forms, a point surfers know well…Earthquakes•Energy stored (in faults) due to movement of plates is periodically released, generating an earthquake•Energy transmitted as different types of waves through the earth – the amplitude of the largest wave is the strength•Richter Scale – Logarithmic measure of wave•Mercalli index – Based on observations of earthquake damageMercalli Intensity(at epicenter)Magnitude Witness ObservationsI 1 to 2 Felt by very few people; barely noticeable.II 2 to 3 Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors.III 3 to 4Noticeable indoors, especially on upperfloors, but may not be recognized as an earthquake.IV 4 Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. May feel like heavy truck passing by.V 4 to 5Felt by almost everyone, some people awakened. Small objects moved. Trees and poles may shake.VI 5 to 6Felt by everyone. Difficult to stand. Some heavy furniture moved, some plaster falls. Chimneys may be slightly damaged.VII 6Slight to moderate damage in well built, ordinary structures. Considerable damage to poorly built structures. Some walls may fall.VIII 6 to 7Little damage in specially built structures. Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, severe damage to poorly built structures. Some walls collapse.IX 7Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. Ground cracked noticeably. Wholesale destruction. Landslides.X 7 to 8Most masonry and frame structures and their foundations destroyed. Ground badly cracked. Landslides. Wholesale destruction.XI 8Total damage. Few, if any, structures standing. Bridges destroyed. Wide cracks in ground. Waves seen on ground.XII 8 or greater Total damage. Waves seen on ground. Objects thrown up into air.Water•70% of the surface of the earth is covered with water•The interaction of water with rocks is responsible for many reactions in the crust•Water is the one universal requirement for life as we know it – the range of conditions we know life to be present is constrained by the H2O being a liquidEnergy•We will revisit the concept of energy as a waveform in many manifestations – light energy, particle energy, sound energy•Waves in water are also an expression of energy, but the expression of that energy has different forms, a point surfers know well…Waves•Any wave motion through any medium (water, air, rock) does NOT involve any transfer of mass, i.e., a tsunami does not carry water particles thousands of miles•Why does a wave have a physical manifestation then?•Particles are affected by energy, but they are displaced, returning to their original state – water waves can displace particles up, down, sideways, and circularly  shallow waves generate circular displacement, causing breakingTsunamis•Tsunami wave is generated by a physical displacement – earthquake WITH ground rupture, landslides, glacial ice calving, etc.•Extremely high energy, but the wave in the open ocean is very small…•Energy of the wave extends to the bottom of the ocean (wind-generated waves are much lower energy!)Volcanic provincesMt. PinatuboLavaVolcanic settingsCinder conesExplosive eruptionsVolcanic provincesHot spotsHot spotsBasalt flowsPlutonsIntrusionsMetamorphic settingsOrogenic settingsOre depositsOilWeathering•How is massive rock broken down and transported?Sedimentary deposition•Weathering of any rock and transport of that material to lower E environment followed by lithification yields sed. rxDepositional settings•Keyed to transport of physical/ chemical components of parent material•Tells 2 stories – who were the parents and how far away did it go?Chemical deposition•Formation of minerals from aqueous solution requires some change in environment for the ions to precipitateFossils•Here parent material were organisms – usually ones that were partially composed of a durable mineral material•Requires a special depositional setting–Quick burial, fine/ chemical covering, replacement reactions•Also tell us approximate age of depositionBiominerals•Microorganisms may also have a significant impact on mineralogy!A word about classification…•Umbrella terms•Mineral nomenclature α taxonomy of animals, plants, and