Earth Materials Midterm Exam Review Outline Spring 2009Review session mONDAY – bring specific questions, problems (ex. “Can you explain Pauling’s rules?” is not a specific question, “How can I determine if a molecular subunit is anisodesmic, mesodesmic, or isodesmic?” is…)All Materials may be found in either the notes or the material covered in the book (and usually both).The following is a detailed outline of the material which you are expected to be responsible for on the mid-term exam next week:1. General chemistry of Earth Materials:a. Distribution of elements in the universe and on earth b. Types of bonds – an understanding in particular of ionic and covalent bondingin common minerals as well as other types of bonds and the properties this affects2. Pauling’s Rulesa. Should know first 2 inside and out (radius ratio and electrostatic valency principle)b. Be able to calculate radius ratio and determine coordination numbers, bond strengthc. Know difference between isodesmic, anisodesmic, and mesodesmic subunits, as well as describe how they are important in bonding and silica polymerization3. Know the 7 ways in which silica tetrahedral polymerize, forming the major divisions of silicate minerals4. Mineral formulasa. Be able to read chemical formulasb. Be able to normalize a simple chemical formula5. Be able to discuss chemical fingerprints – chemical makeup, isotopes – and what governs how easily one ion may substitute for another6. Mineral Growth – be able to discuss different ways minerals form and get bigger – focsed especially on Ostwald ripening7. Symmetry elements – know the different operators and have some understanding that they combine to define point groups8. Know the 6 major crystal systems very well!!9. Crystallography – be able to define a lattice, unit cella. Know differences between the 14 Bravais lattices (unit cell types – primitive, body, face, end-centered)b. Know how space groups are defined symmetry point groups, Bravais lattices, screw, glide translations10. Light interaction – you should have a good working knowledge of the electromagnetic spectrum and basic properties (especially wave forms), wave-particleduality – AND be able to describe the different ways light, lasers, x-rays, electrons interact with mineralsa. Reflection, transmission, refraction, scattering, absorption, emission of a different particleb. Color – be well-versed in different ways in which color is developed in minerals – be able to bring together mineral chemistry/ structure with light interaction!c. You should have a general understanding of fluorescence11. Mineral physical properties – have a working knowledge of hardness, density, magnetism (know types!) and acid reaction how does all of it relate to mineral chemistry/ structure12. Analytical methods – use your understanding of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation (light, electrons, x-rays, etc.) with minerals to describe different analytical methods to analyze minerals. \13. X-rays – Be able to describe how X-rays are generated and ways they interact with mineralsa. Interference – you should understand constructive and destructive interferenceas applied to any form of electromagnetic radiation!b. Diffraction – be able to describe diffraction, relationship to spacing of atoms in planes (defined through crystallography)c. Bragg’s Law – you should understand this very well, be able to use it, describehow it works with different sources of radiation, and what kind of informationwe can get from X-ray diffraction experiments utilizing Bragg’s Law14. Optical microscopya. How polarizers work in a petrographic microscopeb. Be able to describe how color, relief, pleochroism develop in plane polarized lightc. Be able to describe light reorientation by minerals under cross polarsd. Recognize how internal order affects optical properties how are the 6 majorcrystal classes divided in terms of optical properties, how can you use optical microscopy to tell between certain classes?e. Be able to describe basic principles of refraction, ordinary vs. extraordinary rays, and how this relates to extinction and
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