1. Consider the kidney in a normal 60 kg human. If mean renal arterial blood pressure = 110 mmHg, mean renal venous blood pressure = 10 mmHg, and total renal blood flow = 1000 ml/min, total renal vascular resistance is? a. 10.0 mmHg/ml/min. b. 1.0 mmHg/ml/min. c. 0.1 mmHg/ml/min. d. 0.02 mmHg/ml/min. e. none of the above 2. In the systemic circulation the veins contain the largest percentage of the total blood volume because… a. The veins are the highest pressure blood vessels. b. The veins have the greatest cross-sectional of all the types of blood vessels. c. The veins are specialized for diffusive exchange of materials between blood and the tissues. d. The veins are more compliant than arteries at low transmural pressures. e. None of the above 3. Application of a drug that decreased K+ permeability during phase 4 of the Sino-Atrial (SA) nodal action potential would be expected to… a. decrease the slope of the pacemaker potential. b. cause bradycardia. c. cause a positive inotropic response in the SA node cells. d. increase heart rate e. a and d 4. The Sino-Atrial node is the normal cardiac pacemaker because… a. Phase 0 (Zero) of the SA nodal action potential is caused by extremely rapid Na+ influx through fast sodium channels. b. increased K+ permeability causes repolarization of SA nodal cells during Phase 3. c. the SA node has the highest natural rate of spontaneous action potential generation of all potentially self-excitatory cardiac tissues. d. the SA Node is located in the Interventricular Septum. e. none of the above 5. Which of the following is/are true of both cardiac and skeletal muscle myofibers?a. Release of Ca++ from the SR (Sarcoplasmic Reticulum) during excitation-contraction coupling. b. Both are innervated by Sympathetic Nervous (SNS) fibers. c. Summation of force can occur in both as a result of an increase of frequency of stimulation. d. all of the above e. b and c 6. Consider the following values for a typical systemic capillary, Pcap = 20 mmHg; Pint = 0 mmHg; COPcap = 25 mmHg; COPint = 7 mmHg. Assume normal permeability and body temperature. One would expect… a. net capillary filtration b. net capillary reabsorption 7. During the normal cardiac cycle the period of time that elapses between the closure of the left and right AV (Atrio-Ventricular) valves and the opening of the aortic and pulmonic semilunar valves is… a. characterized by the generation of the second heart sound. b. characterized by ventricular ejection of the stroke volume (Sv). c. the period of isovolumetric contraction. d. a and c e. none of the above 8. Consider the normal effects of exercise on a whole skeletal muscle. As a result of the increase in frequency and force of contraction, one would expect… a. the PCO2 of venous blood leaving the muscle to increase from its non-exercising (resting) level. b. Increased arteriolar resistance in the muscle to occur as a result of increased sympathetic nervous (SNS) activity. c. Increased oxygen delivery to the tissues to occur as a result of metabolic vasodilation and the resultant increase in blood flow within the muscle. d. all of the above e. a and c 9. Large systemic arteries… a. Are specialized to help maintain capillary blood flow in the systemic organs during ventricular diastole. b. Are relatively inelastic compared to other types of blood vessels. c. Are the major resistance vessels of the systemic circulation. d. All of the abovee. a and c 10. In compensation for a significant fall in mean systemic arterial blood pressure, such as could be caused by hemorrhage, one would expect… a. a baroreceptor mediated decrease in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. b. positive inotropism in the myocardium and arteriolar vasoconstriction. c. decreased heart rate due to increased parasympathtetic (PNS) activity. d. all of the above e. a and b 11. In the mammalian circulatory system mean blood pressure falls continuously from the systemic arteries to the capillaries and then rises again through the venous system to the right atrium. a. True b. False 12. Human Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)… a. contain hemoglobin within their nucleii. b. are produced in the kidneys. c. are the most abundant cellular type in blood. d. all of the above e. a and c 13. The major means of decreasing heat loss in response to cold environmental temperature is? a. skin vasoconstriction b. muscle vasoconstriction c. shivering d. increased caloric intake e. a and c 14. Which of the following would tend to directly decrease mean systemic arterial blood pressure in an otherwise normal resting individual … a. administration of a sympathomimetic drug. b. increased Resting Sympathetic Tone. c. Increased stroke volume (Sv). d. none of the above e. a and b15. Restimulation of a ventricular myofiber during Phase 2 of the action potential would be expected to… a. Increase the force of contraction. b. cause the firing of another action potential. c. cause positive inotropism. d. have no significant effect, because the fiber is absolutely refractory to further stimulation during most of Phase 2. e. a, b, and c 16. The primary hormone which stimulates Red Blood Cell production is produced in the… a. bone marrow b. brain c. kidney d. gonads e. none of the above 17. Consider a situation during which Alveolar PO2 falls to 50 mmHg in an otherwise normal individual. One would expect… a. the Oxygen content of systemic arterial blood to fall to less than 10% of its normal value. b. Alveolar PCO2 to decrease from its normal level. c. increased ventilatory rate due to peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation. d. none of the above e. b and c 18. Central Chemoreceptors are… a. located in the Aorta. b. located in the hypothalamus. c. respond primarily to changes in systemic arterial [H+]. d. are the primary monitors of systemic arterial PCO2. e. none of the above 19. The primary integration of thermoregulatory sensory input occurs in … a. skin. b. the spinal cord. c. the liver. d. skeletal muscle.e. none of the above 20. Surfactant is… a. an important vasoconstrictor hormone. b. a substance which lowers alveolar surface tension. c. synthesized and secreted by specialized lung cells called Alveolar Type 2 cells or Big Als. d. all of the above e. b and c 21. FRC (Functional Residual