BIOL 111 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-5Lecture 1 (January 14)Learning Objectives:1.Describe the characteristics that distinguish living organisms from nonliving matter.- Life – property or quality of plants and animals that distinguishes them from inorganic matter or dead organisms*specifically the cellular biochemical activity or processes of an organism characterized by the ingestion of nutrients, storage and usage of energy, excretion of wastes, growth, reproduction, etc… - Properties of Life:- Order – consistent structure, arrangement, and pattern- Evolutionary adaption – evolving over many generations by reproductive success of individuals with heritable traits that are best suited to their environments. (i.e. camouflage)- Response to the environment – there are constant changes in the environment and in order for things to survive they must adapt to these changes.- Reproduction – organisms (living things) reproduce with their own kind - Growth and development - change phases throughout lifespan (i.e. infant, toddler, teenager, adult…). Inherited information carried by genes control the patterns of growth and development of organisms.- Energy processing – convert food to energy. Obtain fuel from food and stores it as chemical energy which later is used as power to do daily life functions.- Regulation – involuntary process in the body (i.e. homeostasis, moderates internal temperature)2.Understand hierarchical categorization of living matter from atoms to the biosphere.- Systems biology – approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions amongthe system’s parts.- Levels of Biological Organization:- Biosphere – consists of all life on earth and all the places where life exists- Ecosystem – consists of all living things in a particular area, along with non-living components (soil, water, atmosphere gases) of the environment with which life interacts. - Communities – all living things inhabiting a particular ecosystem- Populations – all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area. Refines communities as the set of populations inhabiting a particular area.- Organisms – individual living things - Organs and organ systems – a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions of the organism.- Tissues – one or more tissues organized into a functional unit connecting the organs of a plant- Cells – life’s fundamental unit of structure and function- Organelles – various functional components present in cells - Molecules – chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms3.Describe reductionist approach used by molecular and cell biologists. What are its strengths and weaknesses? - Reductionist approach – reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. *some things are too complex to study as a whole (i.e. a cell)- Strengths: very powerful, successful approach because most biological processesare too complex to study in their entirety - Weaknesses: emergent properties that may not be apparent at underlying level causing biologist to miss the bigger picture*important for biologist to balance reductionist strategy with larger picture to truly grasp understanding and to understand how things work together 4. Define emergent properties.- Emergent properties – new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. 5.Explain why nearly every biologist considers evolution to be the major theme that unites all of biology.- Evolution – descent with modification, idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were from the present day one, also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation*evolution explains the great diversity of life and its interrelatedness.6.Compare and contrast the three domains of life. Describe how each may have acquired traits of the other during early evolution.- Domain Bacteria – bacteria are most diverse and widespread prokaryotes - Domain Archaea – prokaryotes that live in Earth’s extreme environments (i.e. salty lakes and boiling hot springs)*bacteria and archaea used to be combined in a single kingdom because they shared prokaryotic form of cell structure.- Domain Eukarya – includes three multicellular and one unicellular kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, and Protist (unicellular) 7.List the three requirements for evolution to occur.- Variation in population- A way for the variation to be inherited- Differential effect of the environment on the variation8.Explain the relation between facts, hypotheses, and theories as they relate to science.- Facts – something that has actual existence - Hypothesis – a testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning, narrower in scope than theory- usually seeks causes and explanations phenomena or unexplained observations - for hypotheses to be useful, they must be testable and falsifiable- if given the chance to fail, and it doesn’t, the validity of the hypothesis is strengthened- Theories – an explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence- Inductive Reasoning – a type of logic in which generalizations are made based onlarger number of specific observations- Deductive Reasoning – a type of logic in which specific results are predicted fromgeneral premiseLecture 2 (January 16) Learning objectives:1. Know how to label the parts of an atom- Atoms – smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element and are composed of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) that cannot be further broken down and cannot die*discovered by Ernest Rutherford- Neutrons – not (neutrally) charged and determine isotopes - Protons – positively charged and determine the element represented by atomic number*protons and neutrons make up the nucleus - Electrons – negatively charged and determine chemical properties and make up the cloud surrounding the nucleus*the number of protons and electrons are equal in an atom*the addition of protons and neutrons give the mass number of the element2. Explain how structure