BIOLOGY 111 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. MolesII. MolarityIII. Acids and BasesIV. Organic ChemistryV. CarbonVI. IsomersOutline of Current Lecture I. Functional GroupsII. Four major BiomoleculesIII. Dehydration and Hydrolysis ReactionsIV. CarbohydratesV. LipidsVI. ProteinsCurrent LectureChapter 4 continue: Know the basic Functional groups for the exam- Hydroxyl – (-OH) oxygen more electronegative than most, polar compound. Alcohols.- carbonyl – (-C=O), Ketones (in the middle) and Aldehydes (at the end). Sugars (ketoses and aldoses)- carboxyl – (OH-C=O) carbonyl and hydroxyl - dissolve very easy, more acidic because it can give away electron very easily. Acetic acid Acetate ion, act as a buffer- Amino – (-NH3) Amines, act as a buffer, may be ionized or non-ionized.- Sulfhydryl – (-SH) Thiols, same as hydroxyl just replace the O with S. - Phosphate – [four oxygens (4 O’s) attached to phosphorus (P)] - Methyl – (-CH3), non-polar b/c covalent bond (hard to break)ATP: important source of energy*phosphate group splits off while reacting with waterThe more Hydrogen bonds that are available, the more likely the molecule will be non-polar andharder to break apartThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Enantiomers - mirror image due to an asymmetric carbon because each of the 4 bonds to carbon are a different element (or group of elements) [L-isomer and D-isomer]Chapter 5:macromolecules means large moleculesFour Major Biomolecules1. carbohydrates (macronutrients)2. lipids (macro-)3. proteins (macro-)4. nucleic acids (micronutrients)*needed in large amountsDehydration Reaction (synthesis) - synthesis of polymers (monomers linked together), losing one water molecule every time two molecules come together Hydrolysis - reactions broken down, adds a water molecule whenever a bond between two molecules is broken (-lysis means breaking)Monomers – single Polymers – monomers added to monomersCarbohydrates - C, H, and O atoms (CH2O)n and name ends in –ose- includes both sugars and polymers of sugars* cells first source of energy and is energys short term storage- monosaccharides (single sugar) - simples sugars, water soluble, 5-6 carbons (most common) [ex. Pentose(5) ribose and deoxyribose(5) *only difference is one less Oxygen, hexose(6)]*Glucose (most common) has 6 carbons and is depicted in both linear and ring form- Diasaccharides (joining two monosaccharides by covalent bond) - formed by dehydration reaction [Maltose and Sucrose]*glycosidic linkage (ester bond -C-O-C-) connects two carbohydrates (glucose + glucose) = maltose or (glucose + fructose) = sucrose- polysaccharides [(macromolecules) Polymers of mono and disaccharides] - exist in both animals and plants and their function is to store energy *starch: plant polysaccharide *glycogen: animal polysaccharide[alpha(α)] & [beta(β)] position of –OH on ring structure*alpha is down position (more stable ring structure which means it is more likely to occur)*beta is in the up position (less stable)- if combine alpha and beta in dehydration the disaccharide created is beta*starch - all -OH are facing down*cellulose - all -OH are opposite and alternate up and down - gives structural support glycoside linkages - form branches and chains in disaccharide by covalently bonding betweentwo monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. Storage polysaccharide – plants and animals both store sugars for later use (plants store starch, animals store glycogen)Structural polysaccharide - cellulose major component of plant cell walls, that occur as long, thin fibers and serve as very good structural support*animals cannot digest cellulose, grazing animals depend on microbial symbionts in order to hydrolyze cellulose into glucose *we still eat plants even though they cannot be digested, we absorb some nutrients and helps pull out all the toxins as it passes through Gastrointestinal tract as fiber- Chitin - exoskeleton of arthropods – similar to cellulose because of the beta linkages but in addition has Nitrogen containing appendages Lipids - non-polar molecules, serve as energy storage and some structural support*dehydration reaction (you’re losing a water molecule, H from one molecule and OH from the other molecule) in synthesis of fatFats are 3 fatty acids linked to glycerolFatty acid – long carbon skeleton, one end is part of the carboxyl group and the rest of the skeleton consists of a hydrocarbon chain *acid indicates the presence of a carboxyl group in the moleculeester linkage - concept as glycosidic linkage, the name is different in order to differentiate lipids from carbohydrates- saturated fats - all chains are completely taking by Hydrogen, no double bonds between carbons (solid at room temperature)- unsaturated fats - chain containing one or a few double bonds between carbons (liquid at room temperature)*Cis (same side of the double bond) causes some kind of bend in the structure (not sticking together very well b/c of the kinks therefore appears as liquid) *Trans (opposite side of the double bond) - don't occur naturally (ex. microwaveable meals with longer shelf life by modifyingthe fat from cis to trans via hydrogenation)*not very healthy b/c cholesterol problems and blocks arteries and not easily metabolized (4grams max daily dosage)phospholipid – essential for cell life because the make up the cells membrane - similar to a fat molecule but only has two fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of 3*phospholipid bilayer is made up of two layers… hydrophilic head (water loving), hydrophobic tail (water hating)“Sterols” (cholesterol and steroids)- occur mostly in ring structure*estrogen and testosterone similar in structure, however, the few alterations they each have cause a major difference between them (observable in sexes)Proteins - composed of C, H ,O, N and S, polymer of amino acids(protein’s building blocks)- enzymatic - catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions (name ending in -ase...ex. sucrase,maltase, fructase) - lock and key hypothesis- structural – support- storage – store amino acids - transport – transport substances- **hormonal – coordination of an organism’s activites- **receptor – response of cell to chemical stimuli- **contractile and motor – movement - **defensive – protect