COMM 101 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture History of Communication:I. 2400 Year HistoryII. Conditions in AthensIII. Invention of RhetoricIV. Socrates, Plato & The ShadowV. Aristotle’s ResolutionVI. Rhetoric: A 2000 Year JourneyVII. 20th & 21st Century Communication StudyOutline of Current Lecture I. Two Answers to the Question, “Why did X Occur?”II. DefinitionsIII. Variations in Philosophical Orientations Toward TheoryIV. Goals for Theory: ScienceV. Goals for Theory: Humanism*This lecture was not finished, will be concludes on Monday Feb. 3 (Lecture 5)Current LectureI. Two Answers to the Question, “Why did X Occur?”a. “Why?” from the perspective of Science (World View I)i. more “logical”ii. i.e. Why did you through the ball?1. Gravity/Wind Resistance/ForceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Equationsb. “Why?” from the perspective of History/Humanism (World View II)i. more “artsy/humanist”ii. i.e. Why did you through the ball?1. Because he wanted toII. Definitionsa. Sciencei. An emphasis on careful observation to produce knowledge; use of the scientific method to answer questionsii. Scientific Method1. Ask a question2. Do background research3. Construct Hypothesis4. Collect data5. Analyze your data and draw a conclusion6. Communicate your resultsb. Humanismi. An emphasis on individual human experience as the basis of morality and knowledge.ii. “(Hu)man is the measure of all things” – ProtagorasIII. Variations in Philosophical Orientations Toward Theorya. (This was a handout in class & is available on D2L)b. Philosophical orientation refers to the assumption scholars make about the world, and their own role in that worldc. Science (World View I) “one reality” vs. Humanism (World View II) “multiple realities”i. Ways of Knowing; What is reality? (can be called: epistemology) 1. Science: Reality is distinct from human beings, waiting for discovery.2. Humanism: People create knowledge for personal and social use; knowledge arises out of interpretationsii. Human Nature1. Science: Humans are nonactional; behavior is determined or influenced by past conditions or stimuli.2. Humanism: Humans are actional; they make decisions, enact choices, and have free williii. Purpose of Theory1. Science: To identify universal laws that explain and predict behavior, in general2. Humanism: To understand how people interpret eventsiv. Research Methods1. Science: Quantitative experiments, surveys, and content analysis (all/everything) offer objective and accurate observations of reality.2. Humanism: Qualitative ethnography/field research, focus groups, and textual analysis (specific) offer a careful inspection of the interpretive processes operating within a particular situationv. Role of the Scholar1. Science: Scholarship is value neutral; scholars should set aside their own biases and conduct objective observationsa. “stick to the facts, and don’t put yourself into the experiment”2. Humanism: Scholarship is value conscious; scholars cannot separate their own process of inquiry from the values that shape their interpretations a. “how do you feel about it, and what did you think about it”d. Science & Humanism = Complete oppositesIV. Goals for Theory: Sciencea. Explanationi. Why something worksb. Development to Hypothesesi. “clarify”c. Accurate Predictiond. Organization and Simplificationi. “Make the world a simpler place”e. Implantation i. To use; to see1. Get information out to the worldV. Goals for Theory: Humanisma. Insighti. I see why… *This lecture was not finished, will be continued in Lecture