RulesOutlineAdminDesign TeamsReadingsSlide 6Why is this?Properties of rulesExample 1Example 2Example 3ThunderstormPlayEight and outSlide 15Is this the same game?To clarifyRule typesOperational RulesConstituative RulesConsequencesImplicit rulesPenguin ShuffleComputer gamesFrom simple to meaningfulEmergenceCouplingCoupling 2ExampleContext-dependent InteractionsContext-dependencyNon-linearityMandelbrot SetNon-linearity 2Emergence in GamesSlide 36Emergence through CombinationBad emergenceDesigning EmergenceWednesdayRulesRobin BurkeGAM 224Spring 2004OutlineAdministrativaRulesExampleTypes of RulesEmergenceAdminReaction papers graded10 pointsHomework #1 gradedHomework #2 due today1st Analysis Milestone Choose the game to analyze2nd Design MilestoneChoose the game to start from4/18Design TeamsReadingsWe are marching through the bookLast two weeksCh. 1-10TodayCh. 11-14RulesRules are centrala game is a system in which players engage in an artificial conflict defined by rules that results in a quantifiable outcomeNoticethe more significant the game, the more focus is on the rules and their administration•significant = results with real-world consequences, lots of spectators, etc.Why is this?Rules define the mechanisms of playand not playRules specify what the game is aboutand not aboutProperties of rulesLimit player actionExplicit and unambiguousShared by all playersFixedBindingRepeatableExample 1Basketball"A player is entitled to any spot on the court he desires, provided he legally gets to that spot first and without contact with an opponent ""A player shall not hold, push, charge into, or impede the progress of an opponent "Messagethis game is about maneuvering around opponents not colliding with themthis is not a game about territory: •you can't physically stop your opponent from movingExample 2Dots and BoxesEach player can add one line per turnA player enclosing a square marks it as his and can take another turnMessageThis game is about territoryIt is accumulative•territory won cannot be lost laterPlayers will have time to deliberateExample 3AsteroidsThe ship can shoot and maneuver•but can only rotate in 15º incrementsOnly 4 bullets can be on the screen at a timeMessagePlayer cannot shoot indiscriminatelyPlayer must move as well as shootThunderstormfour diceobjectto be the last player whose house is not struck by lightningrulesplayer rolls all available diceif no ones are rolled•player adds to "house" drawing•if house is already complete, it is struck by lightning and player is outif at least one 1 is rolled•all of the dice with ones are removed from play•play passes the next player•if all dice are ones•all four dice are back in playhouseseven elementsPlayEight and outdeck of cards6, 5, 4, 3, 2, Ain four piles by suitobjectto be the last player with the most pointsruleseach player draws one card from each pileif an Ace is drawn•that deck is removed from play•all other decks are reshuffled•if all drawn cards are Aces,•all four decks are back in playif no Aces are drawn•all other players get one pointif a player falls 8 points behind the player with the most points•he is outPlayIs this the same game?Nothere's no drawing of housesthere's no rolling of diceYesthere is the same internal logicthere is the same distribution of probabilitiesTo clarifyEach dice6 random outcomes1/6 chance of a 1Each deck6 random outcomes1/6 chance of an AScoringseven strokes plus lightninggiving away 8 points to the other playersRule typesOperational ruleshere is what the players doConstituative rulesthe internal structure of the gameWhich is the game?depends on the questions you want to askOperational RulesWhat players do in order to playChoicesMovesResourcesOperationally"Thunderstorm" different from "Eight and Out"Constituative RulesLogical and mathematical structure of the gamePlayers may be ignorant and still playLogicallyThe two games are the sameIsomorphic•mathematical term = 1 to 1 mappingA game played under one set of rules•could be described under the other rules•the outcomes would not change•the probabilities of those outcomes would not changeConsequencesOperational rulesAffect the experience of play•how easy is it to tell if you're ahead?•what is the sense of drama?Constituative rulesAffect the way the player will think about choices•what strategies are best?•what the differential values of particular options?Implicit rulesRules that make the game playablePlayer decorumTurn lengthThe more significant the gamethe more implicit rules become operationalPenguin ShuffleComputer gamesPerfect for creating large, complex sets of constituative ruleslogical and mathematical structure are thereOperational ruleslimited by what the interface can provideFrom simple to meaningfulThe rules of chess can be explained in 30 minutesbut it takes years to mastergames have great strategic intensityHow does intensely meaningful play arise from simple rules?Emergenceproduct of coupled, context-dependent interactionsresulting system is non-linearbehavior cannot be reduced to the sum of its partsCouplingFrom systems theoryObjects are coupled if a change to one causes or requires a change in anotherExampleThe position of one piece on the chess board impacts the strategic importance of others•player should consider the whole network of relationships when making a moveCoupling 2In engineeringwe try to avoid coupling between objects in systemstight coupling makes a system hard to change and fixmakes its behavior hard to predictIn game designcoupling can produce great gameplay •it makes the user's decisions more meaningful•a decision here affects the whole outcomeExampleCoupling between thrust, firing direction and orientation in AsteroidsForces the player to manage attitude, position and aiming simultaneouslyAdd in precise collision detectionchanges in orientation can affect asteroid collisions, tooChoice of ship orientation becomes a meaningful oneContext-dependent InteractionsAn interaction is context-dependentif its outcome is not solely determined by the