ES 100: Biodiversity Conservation: ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENTApproaches to ConservationWhich Species to Protect?Species ProtectionThe new trend……Ecosystem Based Management TechniquesTradable Development RightsSlide 8PowerPoint PresentationSlide 10Slide 11Conservation Areas: where to protect?Habitat Protection: ReservesSLOSS Debate: Single Large Or Several SmallReserves…. Size matters!Shape Matters too! Cores and Buffers:Connectivity: Nodes and CorridorsReserves are static…. Nature is notMarine Protected AreasSlide 20CINMS MPA Process:Science Advisory Panel sets Minimum Viable AreaThe Trouble with Minimum Viable AreaStakeholdersSlide 25Great Barrier Reef: MPA ZoningSlide 27GBR vs. CINMS MPA’sMPA’s: Will They Work?Some Pro’s and Con’s of MPA’s(some) Results are In:Slide 32Slide 33Meta-Analysis Results:The Future: Global MPA’s?Habitat Conservation Management ToolsThe new trend……ADAPTIVE managementFor tomorrow…ES 100: Biodiversity Conservation:ES 100: Biodiversity Conservation:ECOSYSTEM BASED ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT September 12th, 2007Approaches to ConservationSingle Species ManagementEndangered Species ActReductionist, Reactionary, Envt Vs. EconomyEcosystem Based ManagementWhich Species to Protect?Umbrella speciesFlagship speciesKeystone speciesSpecies ProtectionMinimum Viable Population (MVP)Inbreeding, genetic driftGenetic bottleneckMinimum Viable Area—habitat protectionThe new trend……Ecosystem Based Management (EBM)"EBM looks at all the links among living and nonliving resources, rather than considering single issues in isolation . . . Instead of developing a management plan for one issue . . ., EBM focuses on the multiple activities occurring within specific areas that are defined by ecosystem, rather than political, boundaries." US Ocean Commission Report, 2004http://ebm.nceas.ucsb.edu/faq/definition/Ecosystem Based Management TechniquesConservation EasementsTradable Development RightsNature PreservesLand-basedMarineTradable Development RightsTradable Development RightsEcosystem Based Management TechniquesConservation EasementsTradable Development RightsConservation AreasLand-basedMarineConservation Areas: where to protect?Habitat Protection: ReservesOne large or many small?Shape?Connectivity?SLOSS Debate: Single Large Or Several Small Species-area curveManagement implications: Management implications: •Small reserves: area = speciesSmall reserves: area = species•As area increases, diminishing returnsAs area increases, diminishing returnsTo consider:Genetic exchangeExtinction eventsEdge effectsFuture PressuresCost/FlexibilityReserves…. Size matters!Shape Matters too! Cores and Buffers:Connectivity: Nodes and CorridorsReserves are static…. Nature is notMarine Protected Areas “Any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, territorial, tribal or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection to part or all of the natural or cultural resources therein” (Executive Order 13158). ZONINGHow can MPA’s improve upon traditional management of individual fish stocks?Marine Protected AreasChannel Islands MPA Objectives:• Protection of representative and unique habitats;Achievement of sustainable fisheries in the Channel Islands; andMinimization of short-term economic losses to all resource users.CINMS MPA Process:http://www.cinms.nos.noaa.gov/marineres/cp.html"The best available science demonstrates that the minimum area set aside should be no lower than 30%, and perhaps 50%, of representative and unique marine habitats, features, and populations of interest in all bioregions of the CINMS. Because of the complexity upon which this estimate is based, evaluation of its effectiveness is necessary to determine whether alteration (reduction or increase) is appropriate based on future assessments." –Science Advisory Panel, CINMSScience Advisory Panel sets Minimum Viable Area“I do not believe that the MRWG can satisfy the goals of biodiversity protection and sustainable fisheries by breaking from some bottom-level of protection, as recommended by the Science Panel. There will be economic impacts, and we should work hard together in this community to equitably and responsibly deal with these impacts but not by compromising on Science Panels recommendation.”-Dr. Michael McGinnis (in a letter explaining his resignation from the marine resources working group, CINMS)The Trouble with Minimum Viable AreaStakeholdersConservationistsCommercial Fishermen (lobster, urchin, squid, kelp..)Recreational FishermenRecreational DiversTourist Boat OperatorsScientistsOthers?????How can we ‘optimize’ across multiple competing objectives?How can we ‘optimize’ across multiple competing objectives?Is there inherent conflict? SPILLOVER EFFECT?Great Barrier Reef:MPA ZoningGreat Barrier Reef:MPA ZoningGBR vs. CINMS MPA’sZoning (2 levels vs.7 levels)Compensation for displaced fishermenDecision-making (CINMS: consensus-based)Community input (forum, transparency)MPA’s: Will They Work?• Enforcement:• Setting boundaries in the ocean• Paper-parks• Role of Technology• Monitoring• BACI• Creating of jobs•Unintended ConsequencesSome Pro’s and Con’s of MPA’s+ (can) protect long-term viability of fisheries+ decrease habitat destruction and bycatch+ promote non-extractive uses of marine areas+ establish ‘baseline’ for scientific studies- Unintended consequence- Can’t fence in marine resources- Can’t fence out pollution, disruption in nearby areas(some) Results are In:(some) Results are In:(some) Results are In:Meta-Analysis Results:The Future: Global MPA’s?At the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, coastal nations pledged to turn the tide on this decline by creating nationalnetworks of marine parks by 2012. "But until now, it has been unclear how much it will cost countries to deliver on their promises," said Scott Burns, director of WWF's Marine Conservation program. "Making this commitment to marine protection will require international effort on an unprecedented scale. Just half a percent of the sea lies within marine parks today, compared to 12 percent of the land." Projected Cost: estimated $12.4 to 13.9 billion/yr for 30 percent coverage Compared to:Compared to: Americans spend an estimated $20