Aquatic EcosystemsEcotone: the transition zone between two diverse communitiesKelp Effect on WavesKelp forest ecosystemKelp forest ecosystem & human valuesSlide 6Impact of Kelp on Low Productivity Terrestrial Env’tsSlide 8Selective Pressures in Intertidal ZonesRocky Intertidal ZonationSlide 11Some General Questions:The open ocean is most like…Where is the ocean most productive?Net Primary Productivity (NPP) by BiomeAtmospheric/Ocean CouplingOcean: surface currentsOcean Primary ProductivityCoastal UpwellingSlide 20Is Primary Production always good for upper trophic levels?PowerPoint PresentationSlide 23Coral reefsSlide 25Freshwater EcosystemsLight Penetration in LakesOligotrophic vs. Eutrophic LakesThermal Stratification of LakesSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32SummaryAquatic EcosystemsAquatic EcosystemsMonday, August 22nd Reminder: HW3 Part II due Wednesday!Midterm ThursdayEcotone: the transition zone between two diverse communitiesEcotone: the transition zone between two diverse communitiesWHAT DID YOU FIND??????WHAT DID YOU FIND??????Kelp Effect on WavesKelp Effect on WavesKelp forest ecosystemKelp forest ecosystemKelp provides otter habitat Sea urchins eat kelpOtters eat sea urchinsKelp forest ecosystem & human valuesKelp forest ecosystem & human valuesKelp Effect on WavesKelp Effect on WavesImpact of Kelp on Low Productivity Terrestrial Env’tsImpact of Kelp on Low Productivity Terrestrial Env’tsExample: Channel Islands•Kelp detritus = nutrient input to intertidal communities•Marine bird and mammals feed on intertidal organisms•Feces/guano provide nutrients to terrestrial organisms•Biggest impact where ratio of shoreline to area is highKelp forest ecosystemKelp forest ecosystem•30-40 m water depth•Determined by light availability•Require high concentrations of nutrients•Occur mostly in areas of upwelling•Provide primary production (food) and habitat!Selective Pressures in Intertidal ZonesSelective Pressures in Intertidal ZonesTides SalinityWavesRocky Intertidal ZonationRocky Intertidal ZonationWhere to snorkel, rocky shore or sandy beach? Why?Aquatic EcosystemsAquatic Ecosystems• Oceans • Lakes• Streams and Rivers• Estuaries• Freshwater wetlandsSome General Questions:Some General Questions:Where does the energy to support aquatic life come from?How productive are each of the aquatic environments?What is the limiting factor in each aquatic environments?How are nutrients cycled?How have humans changed these environments?The open ocean is most like…The open ocean is most like…A) a tropical rain forestB) the boreal forestC) the desertD) chaparral…with regard to productivity.Where is the ocean most productive?Where is the ocean most productive?Where nutrients are available: near the coastFrom upwelling•rivers bring nutrientsPolar upwelling–Short, intense productivityWhere sunlight is available:Top 100 meters (euphotic zone)Net Primary Productivity (NPP) by BiomeNet Primary Productivity (NPP) by BiomeAtmospheric/Ocean CouplingAtmospheric/Ocean Couplingsurface currents are driven by windOcean: surface currentsOcean: surface currentsOcean Primary ProductivityOcean Primary ProductivityCoastal UpwellingCoastal Upwelling•Most upwelling occurs in responseto longshore winds.•Upwelling: increased nutrients, increased primary production good fishing!•El Nino brings warm water, shuts downupwelling, bad for fisheriesCoastal UpwellingCoastal UpwellingIs Primary Production always good for upper trophic levels?Is Primary Production always good for upper trophic levels?Harmful algal blooms: toxicity or increase in BOD suffocation, starvationRed tideLA Times:Altered OceansPulitzer PrizeThe open ocean is most like…The open ocean is most like…A) a tropical rain forestB) the boreal forestC) the desertD) chaparral…with regard to productivity.Coral reefsCoral reefsCoral reefs are extremely productiveVisibility is great!But we know that nutrient-rich water is murkyHow is this possible?Where are the nutrients?What terrestrial biome does this remind you of?Coral reefsCoral reefsEfficient cycling of nutrientsComplex relationships between organisms•Corals: plants or animals?•zooxanthellae in coral•intricate food websFreshwater EcosystemsFreshwater EcosystemsLakes, streams and riversLight Penetration in LakesLight Penetration in LakesSecchi diskEuphotic zoneAphotic zoneSedimenteu: well or good a: withoutOligotrophic vs. Eutrophic LakesOligotrophic vs. Eutrophic LakesThermal Stratification of LakesThermal Stratification of LakesEpilimnionHypolimnionSedimentSummerThermoclineThermal Stratification of LakesThermal Stratification of LakesThermoclineEpilimnionHypolimnionSediment(wind)Summer FallWell-mixed profileSedimentThermal Stratification of LakesThermal Stratification of LakesHypolimnionThermoclineWell-mixed profileSedimentEpilimnionHypolimnionSediment(wind)SummerFallWinterFrozen WarmerWell-mixedWell-mixed profileSedimentCoolingCoolingThermal Stratification of LakesThermal Stratification of LakesHypolimnionThermoclineWell-mixed profileSedimentWell-mixed profileSedimentEpilimnionHypolimnionSediment(wind)SummerFallWinterSpringFrozen (4°C)Well-mixed profileSedimentCoolingCoolingWarmingWarmingSummarySummaryAquatic EcosystemsLimiting factors (light, nutrients, dissolved oxygen) and TemperatureRocky IntertidalZonation and adaptationsOceansProductivity: euphotic zone/thermocline/nutrients/BOD/algal bloomsOpen ocean vs. coast–Nutrients: upwelling and coastal inputs Coral Reefs (zooanthellae, coral bleaching, ocean acidification, dynamite fishing)Lakes… seasonality of:Light penetration (euphotic vs. aphotic zones)Temperature (epilimnion vs. hypolimnion)Oxygen (aerobic vs. anaerobic/anoxic)Nutrients (oligotrophic vs.