Streams and Wetlands (and intro to Aquaculture?)LAKES: Nutrient cycling and algal bloomsStreams and RiversSlide 4How do large and small streams differ?Stream/River CharacteristicsAdaptations to Stream and River Ecosystems:Alterations to Stream HabitatLocal WatershedsAtascadero CreekWhat’s a Wetland?Wetlands of the WorldWetlands: where water meets landWhich US state has lost the largest % of its wetlands (1780-1980)?PowerPoint PresentationSalt Marsh BiogeochemistryWetland AdaptationsWhy Should we Care about Wetlands?Wetland Ecosystem ServicesWhat is the value of a wetland?Why are Wetlands Diminishing?Slide 22Goleta SloughGoleta Slough: Endangered Species + Globally Important Bird AreaSlide 25Diminishing WetlandsSalt MarshLake: Santa Barbara Bird Refuge Penfield & Smith Engineers, Inc.. 1985. Limnological investigation of euthrophication at the Andree Clark Bird Refuge and recommendation for mitigating actions.~135 pp.Other Local Wetland Projects:Changing Perceptions of WetlandsWetland Value and Natural DisasterWetlands and Aquaculture: Conversion of Mangroves to Shrimp FarmsAQUACULTURE: The Blue Revolution?AquacultureAquaculture: Fish FarmsSustainable Aquaculture?Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Aquaculture: RisksAquaculture: Integrated Systems ApproachSlide 41What Can You Do?SummaryStreams and Wetlands (and intro to Aquaculture?)August 28th, 2007LAKES: Nutrient cycling and algal bloomsIs this lake eutrophic or oligotrophic?Streams and RiversStreams and Rivers5th order4th order3rd order2nd order1st order (headwaters)How do large and small streams differ?•Low stream order (i.e., 1st or 2nd order)•Small, narrow, shallow•Steep, fast-flowing rocky bottom•Detritivore community breaks down litter•High stream order (i.e., 4th or 5th order)•Big, wide, deep•Shallow slope, slow flowing•Processed litter comes from upstreamStream/River Characteristics•Streamflow is determined by:–Relief–Volume of Input–Temperature•Important abiotic factors:–Sediment/Turbidity–Nutrients–Temperature–SubstrateAdaptations to Stream and River Ecosystems:How have humans impacted Salmon?Alterations to Stream HabitatChannelizationChannelizationFish barriers (roads/bridges)Fish barriers (roads/bridges)Change in riparian vegetationChange in riparian vegetationChanges in temperature, flow rate,turbidity, dissolved oxygen, p.p.,substrate, …..Local Watershedshttp://www.sbck.org/pdf/GSTReport-Background.pdfAtascadero Creek http://www.sbck.org/pdf/GSTReport-Background.pdfWhat’s a Wetland?Ecotones- contain characteristics of two habitats (in this case, aquatic and terrestrial)Wetland- a broad term for all the different kinds of wet habitats where the land is wet for some period of time each year but not necessarily permanently wet.Wetlands of the WorldWetlands: where water meets landTypes of Wetlands:•Intertidal zone marine wetland•Estuarine: river mouth + tides= brackish •Freshwater: swamps, fens, bogs, and vernal poolsWhich US state has lost the largest % of its wetlands (1780-1980)?CA- 91% decline (source: USGS)U.S. total = 53% decline•When land is flooded, O2 gets used up by decomposers and the soil becomes anaerobic•Demand for O2 is still high•Other minerals containing oxygen get reduced•Reduction is when a compound gains an electron- in this case by giving up an O2 atom•Some molecules release O2 more easily than othersWetland Biogeochemistry: Depends on HYDROPERIOD!O2  NO3-  Fe(OH)3  MnO2  SO42-  CO2•If the water level drops, O2 enters the soil again, and the reduced substances can get oxidizedSalt Marsh BiogeochemistryWetland AdaptationsWhy Should we Care about Wetlands?Wetland Ecosystem Services•Food/Jobs•Important Habitat for Species•Clean water/Nutrient storage•Flood control•Erosion control•Carbon storage (sink?)•Tourism•“No net loss” protection for wetlands?•How could you calculate the value of a wetland?What is the value of a wetland?•“Value” is a human judgement call–Depends on if you are a:•Developer•Farmer•Engineer•Hunter•Ecologist•Chemical plant ownerWhy are Wetlands Diminishing?•Drained or Filled•Agriculture/residential development/industrial development/oil and gas exploitation•Lowering of water table•Polluted•wetlands are in low-lying areas•Natural causesLocal Watershedshttp://www.sbck.org/pdf/GSTReport-Background.pdfGoleta SloughGoleta Slough: Endangered Species + Globally Important Bird AreaTidewater GobyCA least ternRed-legged FrogAmerican peregrine falconDiminishing WetlandsSalt MarshLake: Santa Barbara Bird RefugePenfield & Smith Engineers, Inc.. 1985. Limnological investigation of euthrophication at the Andree Clark Bird Refuge and recommendation for mitigating actions.~135 pp.“Mother Nature at work,” ? http://www.virtualtourist.comOther Local Wetland Projects:•Vernal Pools•Carpinteria Salt Marsh•Ormond WetlandChanging Perceptions of Wetlandshttp://www.countyofsb.org/project_cleanwater/Web_Images/South_Turnpike_BMP_Xsection.jpgBioswales: mimic wetland processesWetland Value and Natural DisasterCypress trees mitigate impactsof Hurricane KatrinaMangroves lessen tsunamiimpactsWetlands and Aquaculture: Conversion of Mangroves to Shrimp FarmsMangrove forests once covered 3/4 of the coastlines of tropical and subtropical countries. Today, less than 50% remain. Many factors contribute to mangrove forest loss, including the charcoal and timber industries, urban growth pressures, and mounting pollution problems. However, one of the most significant causes of mangrove forest destruction in the past decade has been the consumer demand for luxury shrimp The Rise and Fall of the Blue Revolution: Article by Alfredo Quarto published in the East Africa Wildlife Society's magazine SWARAAQUACULTURE: The AQUACULTURE: The BlueBlue Revolution? Revolution?Aquaculture•Status: fastest growing food production industry in the world (1/3 of all fishery landings)Aquaculture: Fish Farms•Energy flow perspective–Fish vs. Cows –Salmon vs. carp vs. filter feeders–Farmed salmon vs. wild salmonSustainable Aquaculture?Sustainable Aquaculture?Aquaculture: Risks–Impact on wild fish populations•Feed for farmed fish•‘Seed’ for farmed fish•Fish escapes- invasive species–Algal blooms–Oxygen depletion–Downstream impacts–Disease –(Wet)land conversionAquaculture: Integrated Systems ApproachAquaculture: Integrated Systems Approach