Style Guide for Literature CitationsEnvironmental Studies 118 Spring 2008Style Guide for Literature CitationsI. Citing of LiteratureAfter finding the references you need for your research, it is important that they are cited accurately and in some standard manner. Some examples of common reference practices thatshould be utilized in research papers and reports are provided below.A. Citing Authors in Body of TextFootnotes are rarely used in scholarly writing for citing references. Instead, the reference is noted in the body of the text by author(s) and date of publication. The authors of your reference may be used as the subject of your sentence or may be noted at the end of the sentence in parentheses. If one or two authors have written a paper, list their last names in the text followed by the date of publication. If the article is co-authored by three or more persons, list only the first author in the text followed by "et al." and the date of publication:Hawn (1970) has found that gamma rays have an adverse effect on humans and a species of moon marigolds.Recent evidence indicates that brown cows produce significantly more chocolate milk than white cows (Lottabull and Udder 1969).To test the effect of oil spills on Alaskan caribou, Shell et al. (1970) doused an experimental group of animals with crude oil while controls were sprayed only with water.If more than one paper has been published about a given topic, list all relevant authors, but separate authors of different papers by commas and order the papers by date. Within a particular year, order the papers alphabetically by author:Although differences in light intensity are usually of primary importance, carefully controlled experiments demonstrate that cats can differentiate between objects by their color alone (Black and White 1963, Brown et al. 1966, Green 1969).If you cite two or more papers written by an author(s) in the same year, place a small letter after the date to distinguish between papers:Style Guide for Environmental Studies Papers & ReportsCapp and Drucker (1975a) suggested several methods for making Introductory Biology textbooks more interesting to college students. They later found that a comic book formatwith a center foldout of DNA was most appealing (Capp and Drucker 1975b).B. Using and Citing Web PagesThe Web is a wonderful resource and provides access to a tremendous wealth of information.However, you must be careful to evaluate the quality of the information you obtain from this source. The Colby library page provides helpful information to evaluate and cite the Web sites you discover (http://www.colby.edu/library/research/web_search/help.shtml#evaluating).You should assess the quality and reliability of any information found on the Web before including it in your reports/papers.If you deem the Web information you find appropriate for inclusion in your report after proper evaluation, the Web site must be cited in your text. Use the Web page title and date to cite the Web site in the text of your report/paper (in a similar way to the author-date system described above) and use the format shown below for listing your source in the Literature Cited section. Dartmouth’s site for citing Web pages is a useful reference (http://www.dartmouth.edu/~sources/examples/web_site.html) .Cite web sites in the following manner:MSW Scientific Names: Microtus ochrogaster. Smithsonian Institution. Available:http://www.nmnh.si.edu/cgi-bin/wdb/msw/names/query/22128. updated August 8,1996 [accessed 8/10/98].C. Literature Cited SectionAll sources cited in the body of your paper/report must be completely referenced in a section at the end entitled LITERATURE CITED. List alphabetically in the Literature Cited only those papers, books, or web resources that you mentioned in the text. If you found 294 articles pertaining to your subject matter, but only reported on three of them in the paper, then the Literature Cited will contain three entries. If you cite more than one paper written by the same author(s) in different years, list these publications chronologically. References for books should not be separated from those for journals. Use the complete names of journals when listing a citation in the literature cited section.Cite journal articles in the following manner:Hawn, G. 2006. Effects of gamma rays on man and moon marigolds. Ecology 64:2415-2502.The above citation indicates that the paper appeared in Ecology in 1970, Volume 64, pages 2415 through 2502.Style Guide for Environmental Studies Papers & ReportsFor two or more authors (do not rearrange the order of the authors’ names within a citation):Lottabull, J.J. and C.D. Udder. 1969. Differences in milk production in color morphs of the domestic cow (Bos taurus). Journal of Animal Husbandry 16:1-18.A correct citation for information published in a book should include: publisher's name, location of publisher, and total number of pages in the book:Green, S.L. 1969. Visual Acuity in Vertebrates. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, USA, 465 pp.If your reference is included in a book as one of a number of articles by different authors, citeit as follows:Shell, O.C., A. Richfield, A. Moco, and O. Peck. 1970. The potential impact of oil spillson migrating Alaskan caribous. Pages 417-530 in J.P. Getty, editor. The Alaska Pipeline: Social, Economic, and Ecological Considerations. Little, Brown and Co., Boston, MA, USA, 814 pp.D. Other Resources for Literature CitationsOther rules govern citations such as articles and books written by authors with foreign namesand literature published by government agencies and private organizations. If you are confronted with one or more of these problems consult recent issues of the journal Ecological Economics or Conservation Biology for formatting examples.(Sections of above text reprinted with permission from: Labov, J.B. and R.K. Chipman. 1976. Vertebrate Biology: A Laboratory and Field Manual. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 143 pp.)Style Guide for Environmental Studies Papers &