Goals of Today s Lecture Concepts principles underlying the Domain Name System DNS EE 122 Domain Name System Ion Stoica TAs Junda Liu DK Moon David Zats Materials with thanks to Vern Paxson Jennifer Rexford and colleagues at UC Berkeley 1 Host Names vs IP addresses Host names 3 Mnemonic name appreciated by humans Variable length full alphabet of characters Provide little if any information about location Examples www cnn com and bbc co uk Numerical address appreciated by routers Fixed length binary number Hierarchical related to host location Examples 64 236 16 20 and 212 58 224 131 Scalable Name Address Mappings Originally per host file Flat namespace etc hosts what is this on your computer today SRI Menlo Park kept master copy Downloaded regularly Single server doesn t scale Traffic implosion lookups updates Single point of failure Amazing politics 5 Need a distributed hierarchical collection of servers Security analysis Separating Naming and Addressing Names are easier to remember www cnn com vs 64 236 16 20 Addresses can change underneath Move www cnn com to 4 125 91 21 E g renumbering when changing providers Name could map to multiple IP addresses www cnn com to multiple 8 replicas of the Web site Enables 4 Load balancing Reducing latency by picking nearby servers Tailoring content based on requester s location identity Multiple names for the same address E g aliases like www cnn com and cnn com Domain Name System DNS DNS resolvers and servers Iterative and recursive queries TTL based caching Use of the dig utility 2 IP addresses Inner workings of DNS http inst eecs berkeley edu ee122 Indirection names in place of addresses Hierarchy in names addresses and servers Caching of mappings from names to from addresses Properties of DNS Hierarchy of DNS servers 6 Hierarchical name space divided into zones Zones distributed over collection of DNS servers Root hardwired into other servers Top level domain TLD servers Authoritative DNS servers Performing the translations Local DNS servers 1 Distributed Hierarchical Database unnamed root DNS Root com edu org generic domains bar west uk ac arpa Located in Virginia USA How do we make the root scale Verisign Dulles VA country domains inaddr ac Top Level Domains TLDs east foo zw cam my usr my east bar edu usr cam ac uk 7 8 DNS Root Servers DNS Root Servers 13 root servers see http www root servers org Labeled A through M Does this scale A Verisign Dulles VA C Cogent Herndon VA D U Maryland College Park MD G US DoD Vienna VA K RIPE London H ARL Aberdeen MD I Autonomica Stockholm J Verisign E NASA Mt View CA F Internet Software Consortium Palo Alto CA 13 root servers see http www root servers org M WIDE Tokyo Labeled A through M Replication via any casting localized routing for addresses E NASA Mt View CA F Internet Software Consortium Palo Alto CA and 37 other locations B USC ISI Marina del Rey CA L ICANN Los Angeles CA A Verisign Dulles VA C Cogent Herndon VA also Los Angeles NY Chicago D U Maryland College Park MD G US DoD Vienna VA K RIPE London plus 16 other locations H ARL Aberdeen MD I Autonomica Stockholm J Verisign 21 locations plus 29 other locations B USC ISI Marina del Rey CA L ICANN Los Angeles CA 9 10 TLD and Authoritative DNS Servers Using DNS Top level domain TLD servers Generic domains e g com org edu Country domains e g uk fr cn jp Special domains e g arpa Typically managed professionally Network Solutions maintains servers for com Educause maintains servers for edu Private records may differ though not part of original design s intent For the organization s servers e g Web and mail Can be maintained locally or by a service provider 12 Usually near the endhosts that use it Local hosts configured with local server e g etc resolv conf or learn server via DHCP Client application Provide public records for hosts at an organization 11 Local DNS server default name server Authoritative DNS servers M WIDE Tokyo plus Seoul Paris San Francisco Extract server name e g from the URL Do gethostbyname to trigger resolver code Server application Extract client IP address from socket Optional gethostbyaddr to translate into 2 How did it know the root server IP Example root DNS server Host at cis poly edu wants IP address for gaia cs umass ed u 2 3 4 local DNS server TLD DNS server Hard coded What if it changes 5 dns poly edu 1 8 requesting host 6 7 authoritative DNS server dns cs umass edu cis poly edu gaia cs umass edu 13 14 Recursive vs Iterative Queries Reverse Mapping Address Host Recursive query Iterative query root DNS server Ask server to get answer for you E g request 1 and response 8 local DNS server 2 3 dns poly edu Ask server who to ask next E g all other requestresponse pairs TLD DNS server 4 5 1 6 7 8 requesting host authoritative DNS server dns cs umass edu How do we go the other direction from an IP address to the corresponding hostname Addresses already have natural quad hierarchy 12 34 56 78 But quad notation has most sig hierarchy element on left while www cnn com has it on the right Idea reverse the quads 78 56 34 12 and look that up in the DNS Under what TLD Convention in addr arpa So lookup is for 78 56 34 12 in addr arpa cis poly edu 15 16 Distributed Hierarchical Database unnamed root DNS Caching com edu org generic domains foo zw arpa inaddr cam 12 my usr 34 my east bar edu usr cam ac uk east 56 17 12 34 56 0 24 Performing all these queries takes time And all this before actual communication takes place E g 1 second latency before starting Web download Caching can greatly reduce overhead The top level servers very rarely change Popular sites e g www cnn com visited often Local DNS server often has the information cached How DNS caching works DNS servers cache responses to queries Responses include a time to live TTL field Server deletes cached entry after TTL expires country domains ac bar west uk ac 18 3 Negative Caching DNS Resource Records DNS distributed DB storing resource records RR RR format Remember things that don t work Misspellings like www cnn comm and www cnnn com These can take a long time to fail the first time Good to remember that they don t work so the failure takes less time the next time around Type A Type NS But negative caching is optional Type CNAME name is hostname value is IP address name value type ttl name is domain e g foo com value is hostname of authoritative name server for this domain Type PTR name is reversed IP quads Type MX And not widely implemented name is alias name for some
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