Appendix A: How to Make an Oral Presentation (Revised Fall 2009)Appendix A. How to Make an Oral Presentation of a ScientificExperimentOral presentations are an important means of presenting the results of your research to other scientists. We will use the same format that biologists use to present experimental findings at colleges and universities (where they are also known as “seminars" and for presentations when they attend national meetings of scientific organizations. As such, you will gain experience with a standard oral report format that you will use throughout your career as a biologist.Everyone realizes it can be uncomfortable to speak in front of a group, and it is especially hard the first time. You’ll make some mistakes—that’s part of the learning process. Please realize that any questions that you are asked by your classmates or instructor are not meant to be taken personally. So, don’t be afraid of questions and comments—they are intended to further our understanding of your scientific investigation. The comments and questions made by one’s peers are important tools used by the scientific community to assist in evaluating the validity of a researcher’s experimental design, results, and conclusions. The best preparation for presentations is to understand what you did, especially why you set the experiment up the way you did in order to answer a specific scientific question. Each group will give anoral presentation about their experiment. It should be organized in a manner similar to scientific reports, with the following sections:- Introduction Include such things as any background information needed for the audience to understand the experiment, the reasons for doing the experiment, and your hypothesis. In addition, use the background information to stimulate audience interest in the question that your group researched. - Materials and Methods Include your experimental design: Describe the design of your experiment, especially the variables, treatments, and controls. In addition, give a very brief overview of the major procedures you performed. Be sure to consider your audience: all the groups did an experiment involving alcoholic fermentation using the Vernier gizmos, so there is no need to repeat the “standard” procedures/protocols involved. Include procedures that are different from the standard protocol, and be sure to present enough of your protocol so that everyone is clear as to exactly what you did and why.- ResultsThe Results should be a clear and concise display of your data. Your data should be distilled down to the important facts, and not necessarily every piece of data you collected. Use figures (e.g. graphs) and/or tables to present the major trends in the data. Be sure to note whether each trend was significant or not significant. Make sure figures and tables are easy to read and interpret, especially from a distance.- Discussion:Return to the question you posed in the introduction and use the results of the study to answer that question (e.g. “We cannot conclude that the caffeine dose in a single cup of coffee influences blood pressure in college aged subjects, since we found no significant difference in blood pressurebetween the caffeinated and decaffeinated treatment groups.”). Interpret your results fully, but be Appendix A - Biol 211 -Page 1 of 4Appendix A: How to Make an Oral Presentation (Revised Fall 2009)careful not to make conclusions that go beyond what your data supports: What does your data show? What can be concluded from the results of your investigation? Do your results support your hypothesis or hypotheses? Do you have reason to believe your results were inaccurate or accurate? Reliable or unreliable? How could the experimental design be improved? What would you do next time to investigate the problem further? Appendix A - Biol 211 -Page 2 of 4Appendix A: How to Make an Oral Presentation (Revised Fall 2009)Things to Consider while Preparing for your Presentation- Each person in your group must speak during the presentation: For groups of 2, each person should present two of the sections above. For groups of 3, each person should present at least one of the sections above. In short, divide the responsibilities of the oral presentation equitably amongst your group members.- Due to time constraints your group’s presentation should last no more than 15 minutes. Plan tospeak for 10 - 12 min. so we will have 3 - 5 min. for questions and discussion with the rest of the class.- Visual aids are critical to the success of your presentation. Use transparencies or PowerPoint slides to present important questions, methodological steps, results, and conclusions. Overhead transparencies and pens can be obtained from the campus bookstore and most stationary stores. Check with your instructor to see if he/she has any to loan you. - You may find it helpful to keep the following questions in mind while preparing your presentation:1. Do you clearly state the question you are trying to answer?2. Is it clear what you did to try and answer your question?3. Do you explain your results, especially inconsistent or unexpected results?4. Do you convey why you did the different conditions in your experiment?Delivery of the Presentation- Speak loudly and clearly.- Interact with your visual aids by pointing to key features as you describe them.- Try to maintain eye contact with the audience.- Avoid distracting behaviors, clothes, and accessories. For example, do not chew gum, lean on the podium, twirl your hair, or wear hats or distracting clothing.Evaluation of the PresentationYour group’s presentation will be critiqued in two ways, by your classmates and by your instructor.Your classmates will not grade you — these comments are to help you. Each person in class will review every group by responding to the following two questions:1. What were the strengths of this group?2. What improvements could be made by this group?When making comments about the presentation of others, keep in mind....- The four questions listed on the previous page - Whether the group was organized, if everyone participated, if their conclusions were valid, etc. - Comments and suggestions are meant to be a helpful and not a slap in the face.Evaluation by Your Instructor In addition to all of the categories above, your instructor will be interested in.....- How clearly you present your material- Whether you display