GEOL 240Lg 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 10 Lecture 1 What is Science What is a Paradigm Who is George Mendel Mendelian Genetics Basic Observations What are Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes Lithosphere vs Asthenosphere 1960 s Revolution in Earth Science 3 types of Plate boundaries Defining edges of Tectonic Plates Detailed Discussion of Divergent Plate Boundaries Examples of oceanic spreading ridges Keep Note Basic observations on earthquakes 90 of earthquake energy released around Pacific Rim relationship between mid ocean ridges and shallow earthquake belts Lecture 2 Again go over Divergent boundaries continental rifting and remember to be able to give examples and know how to distinguish them What are Convergent Subduction boundaries Know the relationship to oceanic trenches and volcanoes Why subduction zone volcanoes explode Know the characteristics of the Red Sea Lecture 3 Plate tectonics Continental rifting and also give examples Sea floor spreading subduction transform motion describes motion of plates Know the different types of lithosphere differences between continental and oceanic lithosphere concept of relative buoyancy and importance in plate tectonic Slab Pull 3 part plate boundary type division continental collision India Asia Ancient examples Appalachians Urals Yellowstone Hot Spots Lecture 4 Hot Spots and know the characteristics Who was Alfred Wegener What is the Continental Drift Know the reasons of how PANGEA formed and what are Gondwanaland and Laurasia Wegener s theory and the response he received from the science community and what ere some of the problems with his proposal Who are Sir Harold and Arthur Holmes What changed everybody s mind in 1960 s Paleomagntism Earth s magnetic field know it ALSO KNOW THE NAGNETIC POLES AND HOW THEY MOVE THROUGH TIME INCLINATION OF MAGNETIC FIELD AT A POINT Lecture 5 Know declination and the relationship to Earth s magnetic and geographic poles Rock magnetization Curie point know the formula Know the geomagnetic time scale normal and reverse periods Understand magnetic surveys Parallel to spreading ridges Relative timing of opening of N and S Atlantic oceanic basin Know the estimated age of the earth Lecture 6 Know apparent polar wander curves the importance they have in helping to lead the plate tectonics paradigm shift of mid 1960 s What is a force What is a stress What s the relationship between the two Know fault terminology such as strike dip fault trace fault plane review hypocenter focus vs epicenter Why Earth scientists focus on compressive stress whereas engineers focus on tensile stress Overall 3D stress into the three principal stresses sigma 1 2 3 Three types of faults Know hanging wall and footwall Lecture 7 Know the three types of faults and the relationships to three types of plate boundaries It is important for you to know normal faults reverse faults thrust faults and strike slip faults how do these all relate and know each of their characteristics It is also important to know the Andersons Theory of Faulting Principal stress perpendicular to principal plane also know the definition to these Orientation of three principal stresses relative to three types of faulting Lecture 8 Know the origin of energy release during earthquakes It is very important for you to know and understand the Elastic Rebound Theory Know the relationship between subducted slab and Cascade volcanic chain Why did Mt St Helen s exploded in 1980 Know the Seattle Fault when was the most recent earthquake Understand the seismic threat facing the pacific Northwest importance of this relative to proposed nuclear plan Basin and Range province Know the Sierra Nevada fault and Wasatch Fault Also know the threat facing Salt Lake City What was Lake Bonneville and what does it matter for Salt Lake City Lecture 9 The main topic in this lecture was the SAN ANDREAS FAULT Know the relative plate motion rate relative proportions of this on the SAR The 1906 and 1857 earthquakes you must know location dimensions fault displacements and the magnitudes of these ruptures damage to San Francisco in the earthquake Know the importance of fire and earthquake damage in 1906 how did the city respond to thi disaster Know the creeping section of the SAF What is fault creep Most faults are the result of thousands of years of repeated displacements or slip These displacements may have occurred suddenly during earthquakes or slowly by a process called a seismic creep Because of the many repeated displacements faults can develop branches and sub parallel fractures adjacent to the main fracture that have lesser amounts of displacement thereby forming a fault zone Such fault zones may have significant width ranging from several meters to more than a kilometer as in the case of large plate bounding faults like the San Andreas However on a microscopic scale even very small faults will display associated micro fracturing producing a fault zone that may be only a few millimeters to a few centimeters wide Lecture 10 In this lecture the most important things are the active faults in the region of California Take note and into consideration the lab 3 The lab and labeling you did will help you recognize some of the faults during the exam Know the history of earthquake occurrence on southern San Andreas Fault Know the Creeping Section of the SAF Eastern California Shear Zone what it is how fast is it storing energy and the relationship to the BNR Know what and where is the Big Bend Hint SAF Know Transverse Ranges The Puente Hills Blind thrust Fault Sierra Madre Cucamonga Fault System 1994 Mw 6 7 Northridge and 1987 Mw 6 0 Whittier narrows earthquake Also know the current seismic lull In LA and its importance for understanding LA seismic hazard