GEOL 240Lg 1st Edition Exam 2 Study GuideNature of Seismic WavesWhat are waves? Remember to be able to provide examples of the different kind of ocean waves. Also, know what tsunamis are and be able to describe their characteristics. Reflection and refraction of seismic waves IBe able to define seismic wave. Know the driving forces vs the driving forces for ocean waves; remember elasticity.Know what the Hooke's Law isKnow the elastic moduli ( Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus)\Know the body waves versus surface waves, be able to determine the differences amongst themyou should be able to define what are ray paths and wave fronts.. but just know the definitions, in depth information on these are not necessary.You should definitely know the P Waves and S Waves. Know the differences between them→ controls on velocity, patterns of particleReflection and Refraction of Seismic Waves IIWhat are surface waves, such as Rayleigh and Love? What is particle motion?Know the Snell's Law. And also know the reflection and refraction concepts.Be familiar with the total internal reflection and the fiber optic cable communication.Remember the Nuclear Test Ban treaty ( how is it verified?) Note the differences between explosions and the actual earthquakes.Using Seismic Waves to Determine the Structure of the Earth's InteriorYou should be able to define radiometric dating, radioactive decay.Be familiar with the parent isotopes and daughter products. Know the rock deformation experiments at high T and P; powers of 10 notationBe able to know, recognize and be able to label the Earth's Interior; how do we know this, ask yourself questions like that. More on the differences between oceanic and continental crust and lithosphere; concept of isostacy; know the implications of isostacy for lithospheric and crustal lithosphere; know the concept of the isostacy and the implications of isostacy for lithospheric and crustal thickness.What are the lithosphere and aesthenosphere relative to crust and mantle?Know the own velocity zone?And also remember to be able to give out examples, if you are able to do this than you can remember it with much ease. Interpreting Seismograms: Just what Happened in that Earthquake, anyway?What are the temperatures and pressures inside the Earth? Also, know the controls on mechanical behavior of lithosphere and aesthenosphere. Be able to define the polymorphic phase transformations and give examples, and their importance in controlling plate tectonic motions?Know the relative importance of the three main possible driving sources for plate tectonics and the composition of the core.Why is the outer core molten?How do we know that the mantle is mostly olivine?Be able to interpret the seismogramsWhy are focal mechanisms important?What is a seismometer?Earthquake Focal Mechanisms: Know the radioactive decay (parent vs daughter); half life, examples of various radioactive decayseries) also “ review the “power of 10”know the differences between seismograms for teleseims and local earthquakes; why different wave phases are recorded with different amplitudes on different components such as vertical vshorizontal.Why body waves attenuate more rapidly with distance than surface waves; how we know the outer core is molten?Know focal mechanisms, strike-slip focal mechanism in 2 D; positive (1st motion up) vs negative (1st motion down)Know the beach ball--> aka the focal mechanisms Locating EarthquakesKnow more on focal mechanismsthe dip-slip focal mechanisms; how to estimate approximate dip of dipping focal planesUse of focal mechanisms in plate tectonicsGive examples from numerous plate boundariesReread page 116-123; page 339-341 BoltMeasuring Earthquake Magnitude: How Big is “Big”?Know the problems with MMI and surface faulting and be able to give examples of both.Know the S-P travel time curves? Need for three stations, how to determine both location and depth of earthquake hypocenterbe able to give examples and remember the 1995 Mw 6.9 Kobe eq' compare with map; 1994 Mw 6.7 Northridge.Why you should all be counting seconds after you feel that P wave?Why Earthquake Damage Occurs Where it Does: Source, Path, and Site EffectsKnow the Ritcher Magnitude scale, how we measure eqs with it, the limitations it hasKnow the surface- wave magnitude history and its measuring, limitationsThe moment-magnitude scaleHow displacement and fault area scale with Mwknow the ruptures areas of earthquakes of various magnitudesControls On Earthquake DamageKnow more on magnitude scales, begin with why damage occurs where it does?Source, path, and site effects, detailed discussion of source effects.Why some dip-slip events have directivity and others don't?Know the seismic hazards and public policy for Sacramento- San Joaquin River delta