GEOL 240Lg 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideWhat is paradigm shift? ( Mendelian Genetics; Plate tectonics) From this week, you must also know what are the basic observations (earthquakes don’t occur everywhere; 90% of earthquakeenergy release around pacific rim; also know the relationship between mid-ocean ridges and shallow earthquake belts;You must also go over the relationship between dipping zone of earthquakes around Pacific rim associated with volcanoes and deep oceanic trenches; What is plate tectonics? Know what is lithosphere vs aesthenosphere; know the three types of plate boundary; be able to detailed brief discussion about Divergent plate boundaries(sea floor spreading; decompression melting; thickening away from spreading ridge; types of lava erupted at ridges)Plate Tectonics.You should know what are divergent boundaries; continental rifting, the RED sea, why is it called red? Know the geometry of initial continental rifting, failed rift arms( relationship to New Madrid,) You should be able to know the convergent (subduction) boundaries; know the Wadati- Benioff zones) YOu should know the relationship to oceanic trenches and volcanoes; why subduction zone volcanoes explode; know the importance of viscosity of magma, and the Andean-type subduction zones. Plate tectonics- The mechanism Sea-Floor Spreading and SubductionYou should know the transform boundaries, subduction zones, and relative motion directions of plates; you should be able to recognize the whole picture of ( seafloor spreading + subduction+ transform motion describes motion of plates)Know the types of lithosphere; differences between continental and oceanic lithosphere (thickness buoyancy, and composition) It is important to know the the concept of relative buoyancy and importance of the plate tectonics. know the simple 3- part plate boundary-type- division- which include the continental collisions; India-Asia; ancient examples (Appalachians, Urals) and the hot spots( think back to the lab of this week) An example would be YellowstonePaleomagnetismWho was Alfre Wegener? What was the “ Continental Drift”? Know Pangea, Gondwanaland and Laurasia; and the different lines of evidence collated by Wegener himself.. Be able to know the response of the scientific community to his ideas, problems with Wegener’s proposal; Sir Harols Jeffries.What and who changed everybody’s mind in the 1960’s? Know the discussion the professor saidabout paleomagnetism, earth’s magnetic field ( why we have one, how magnetic poles move through time) know what is the inclination of magnetic field at a point)Know inclination and declinationthe relationship to Earth’s Magnetic and Geographic poles; rock magnetization; curie point; geomagnetic time scale( normal and reverse periods); know about the magnetic surveys, know the importance of the symmetric magnetic “stripes” parallel to spreading ridges; reconstructions of past plate motionsknow what are apparent polar wander curves; importance in helping to lead to the plate tectonics paradigm shift of mid-1960’s; What is a force? What is stress? What’s the relationship between the two? Fault terminology( Strike and dip, fault trace, fault plane, review hypocenter/ focus vs epicenter) know why earth scientists focus on compressive stress whereas engineers focus on tensile stress, iostopic stress vs “tectonic stress” ; know the three type of faults and also be able to explain the normal and reverse faulting and the hanging wall and footwall. You should know the three types of faults and the relationships to three types of plate boundaries; normal faults ( horizontal extension, horsts, grabens) reverse faults, strike-slip faults; and know the Anderson’s theory of faulting; know the relationship to transform faultsYou should know the origin of energy released during earthquakes; elastic rebound theory; practice examples of orientation of three principal stresses and relationship between then and the orientation and types of faults and the results; be able to know the Seattle fault and its importance; know the brief story of the seismic threat facing the pacific Northwest; importance of this relative to proposed nuclear power plant construction; patterns of micro-seismicity (little earthquakes) in the Pacific NW; why this matters?When and where was the most recent mega-thrust earthquake? how much of the mega thrust ruptured to generate this event? how frequent are such events? Know the transform part of the Pacific- North American plate boundary; importance of the San Andreas Fault(SAF) overall relative plate motion rate, relative proportions of this on the SAF, the bnR, and the eastern California shear zone; know the 1906 and the 1857 earthquakes, location and dimensions, fault displacements and magnitudes of these raptures; damage to San Francisco in the earthquake.Know the multiple strands of the SAF system in So CAL; history of earthquake occurrence on theSo Andreas; know on the creeping section of the SAF; eastern California shear zone; what it is, where is it? and how fast is it storing energy, and what is its relationship to the BnR? Know the Big Bend? What and where it is? and know its relationship to relative plate motion vector; origin of Transverse Ranges; source and rate of North- South shortening of LA regionThe most important information you must know about this lecture is the nature of seismic waves; know the definition of wave and be able to give examples of ocean waves and know what tsunamis are ? For these lectures you should be able to identify and define what are seismic waves, their driving forces vs driving forces for ocean waves; know what elasticity is; know Hooke's Law; know Young’s modulus, the bulk modulus, shear modulusYou should be able to know the body waves vs surface; ray paths and wave fronts; p waves vs s waves; controls on velocity, and the patterns of particle motionYou should know the surface waves such as Rayleigh and love waves; know the particle motion; snell’s law; reflection and refraction; total internal reflection; fiber optic cable communication, and know the nuclear test ban treaty, why is it important? how is it verified? Know the temperatures and pressures inside the EarthAlso, keep in mind the controls on mechanical behavior of lithosphere and aesthenosphere; polymorphic phase transformation and be able to give examplesknow the importance in controlling plate tectonic motions; relative importance of the