10/18/2013The Punic WarsHannibal’s Downfall- Syracuse joined Hannibal’s cause in 214 BCo Hoped to win back independence from Rome- Marcellus besieged Syracuse for 2 yearso Archimedes the inventor led Syracuse’s defenseso Syracuse fell to treachery and Archimedes was slain- Publius Scipio invaded Carthage in 205 BCo Hannibal recalled to defend his homelando Romans defeated Hannibal at Zama(202 BC) Hannibal left for Persia, protected by Seleucidso Publius Scipio Africanus became a national heroThe New Hedgemons- Rome went after Hannibal’s Greek allieso Phillip V of Macedoniao Antiochus III of Seleucids (Persia) Hannibal forced to commit suicide(190 BC)o Perseus of Macedonia - Roman Victories brought control over Greece:o Rome promised freedom but acted like conquerorso Corinth led Achean League in rebellion (146 BC)o Estimated ¼ Greeeks were enslavedThird Punic War- Corinth burned, Rome invadedo Senate hardliners, raised spectorCarthage’s return- Rome reduced Carthage to rubble in 3 yearso Carthaginian people were enslaved by thousandso Carthage’s sown with salt to prevent a return - Free Phoenician culture totally exterminated o Gave rise to euphemism “carthaginian peace”o Romans annexed the lands and resettled themo Rome named region “Africa” for first timeThird Punic War - As Cornith burned, Mediterranean now belongs to Rome- “As Rome Conquered Greece…”o Greek city-states annexed to republico Democracy abolished leagues forbidden- “…So Greece conquered Rome”o Greek religion already influenced Roman worship Dieties renamed such as Jupiter and Capatilineo Greek arts and philosophy introduced Scipio agreed Cato the Censor saw Hellenism as corrupt and evil- Greece changed Rome foreverDecline of the republic Romes power concentrated in hands of NOBILESo Profited from victories against Carthage and Greece o Fewer Italians owned small farms by 150 BC Caused by Hannibal’s raids and frequent conscriptions Nobiles bought up disused lands at favorable rates o Tradition of small farms replaced by lafifundia Slave plantations owned by wealthy Roman citizens Created resentmentPOLITICS AND VIOLENCE Roman class conflict led to political factionso NOBILES were torn between 2 major camps OPTIMATES- relied on Romes wealthy Senators POPULARES- appealed directly to Assembly of peopleo Military formed a 3rd polygroup EQUITES Roman knights who owned land and collected taxes EQUITES often played one against the other Polyparties resort to murdero Senate used mob to block Gracchus land reform Tiberius Gracchus murdered by rioters Gaius forced to choose