Plant growthFig 31.7Pop QuizPlant growthPrimary growthFig 31.7Secondary GrowthFig 31.8ASecondary GrowthAnatomy of a logFig 31.8BAnatomy of a logSexual lifecycle in AngiospermsFig 31.9Sexual lifecycle in AngiospermsFloweringPollen and ovule developmentFig 31.10Embryo DevelopmentOvule to SeedFig 31.11Seed developmentSeed StructureFig 31.11Seed Germination31.13Fruit DevelopmentFruit DevelopmentFig 31.12Fruits31.5 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and functionPlant growthFig 31.7Pop Quiz1. Name one characteristic of fungi that is different than plants2. A group of hyphae is called a______?3. The term used to describe how fungi feed is ________________.Plant growth• Plants have indeterminate growth• Annuals, biennials, periannials• Meristems– Apical; grows at tips of shoots and roots• Gives rise to cortex, epidermis, and vascular tissues• Primary growth lenghtens shoots and rootsPrimary growthFig 31.7Secondary GrowthFig 31.8ASecondary Growth• Increases girth of woody plants– Meristems that grow laterally– Vascular cambium; develops from parenchyma between xylem and phloem– Outer layers (older) slough off as bark– Cork cambium; produces layers of cork that protect the plantAnatomy of a logFig 31.8BAnatomy of a log• Heartwood; xylem plugged with resins, acts as an endoskeleton• Sapwood; secondary xylem that conducts waterSexual lifecycle in AngiospermsFig 31.9Sexual lifecycle in Angiosperms• Flowers; compressed shoots with modified leaves– Sepals; green, protect flowers– Petals; colorful, attract pollinators– stamens; male, have anthers at tip, deliver pollen– carpels; female, stigma, bear ovules– What is pollination?FloweringSexual lifecycle in AngiospermsFig 31.9Pollen and ovule developmentFig 31.10Embryo Development• Monocots and dicots differ in seed leaf number and in the structure of roots, stems, leaves, and flowersSEED LEAVES LEAF VEINS STEMS FLOWERS ROOTSMONOCOTSOnecotyledonMain veinsusually parallelVascular bundles incomplex arrangementFloral parts usuallyin multiples of threeFibrousroot systemTwocotyledonsMain veinsusually branchedVascular bundles arranged in ringFloral parts usually in multiples of four or fiveTaprootusually presentDICOTSFigure 31.2Ovule to SeedFig 31.11Seed development• Triploid cell- develops into endosperm• Zygote develops into embryo• Ovule coat develops into the seed coatSeed StructureFig 31.11Seed Germination31.13• Previously developing embryo starts again after dormancy– Seed takes up water, expands, ruptures its coat, stored nutrients are broken down and fuel growthFruit DevelopmentFruit DevelopmentFig 31.12Fruits• Houses, protects, disperses seeds• Types of fruits– Simple; pea pod– Aggregate; blackberry– Multiple; pineapple31.5 Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and functionFigure 31.5A• There are five major types of plant cells– Parenchyma– Collenchyma– Sclerenchyma– Water-conducting cells– Food-conducting cells• Parenchyma cells function in food storage, photosynthesis, and aerobic respiration Primarywall(thin)PitFigure 31.5B• Collenchyma cells provide support in parts of the plant that are still growingPrimarywall(thick)Figure 31.5C• Sclerenchyma cells provide a rigid scaffold that supports the plant– Fiber cellsPitsPrimarywallFIBERSecondarywallFibercellsFigure 31.5D– Sclereids (stone cells)SecondarywallSclereidcellsPrimarywallPitsSCLEREIDFigure 31.5D continued• Water-conducting cells convey water from the roots to the stems and leaves– Chains of tracheids or vessel elements form a system of tubes for water transportFigure 31.5EPitsVessel elementTracheidsPitsOpeningsin end wall• Food-conducting cells function in the transport of sugars, other compounds, and some mineral ions– Sieve-tube members are arranged end-to-end, forming tubes– Their end walls are perforated with plasmodesmata, forming sieve plates– At least one companion cell flanks each sieve-tube memberSieve plateCompanioncellCytoplasmPrimarywallFigure 31.5F• Complex tissues are composed of more than one type of plant cell• Vascular tissues are complex tissues that conduct water and food – Xylem contains water-conducting cells that convey water and dissolved minerals – Phloem contains sieve-tube members that transport