FSU BIOL 130 - Testosterone and Male Aggression

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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Testosterone and other male hormones seem to be related to aggressive behavior in some species–In the fish species Oreochromismossambicus, elevated levels have been found in the males that engage in, or even just observe, territorial battlesTestosterone and Male AggressionCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Research has concluded that high levels of testosterone in human males does not lead directly to higher levels of violent aggression–But scientists have demonstrated a correlation between testosterone levels and competitionCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• The overarching role of hormones is to coordinate activities in different parts of the body–Hormones regulate energy use, metabolism, and growth–Hormones and other chemicals also maintain homeostasisCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Endocrine glands and neurosecretory cells secrete hormones–Hormones are chemical signals that are carried by the blood and cause specific changes in target cells• All hormone-secreting cells constitute the endocrine system–It works with the nervous system to regulate body activitiesTHE NATURE OF CHEMICAL REGULATION26.1 Chemical signals coordinate body functionsCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Hormone from an endocrine cellFigure 26.1ASecretoryvesiclesBloodvesselENDOCRINE CELLHormonemoleculesTargetcellCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Hormone from a neurosecretory cellFigure 26.1BNEUROSECRETORYCELLBloodvesselHormonemoleculesTargetcellCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Local regulators produce changes in cells –Neurotransmitters –ProstoglandinsFigure 26.1CNERVECELLNervesignalsNeurotransmittermoleculesNerve cellCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Most hormones derived from amino acids bind to receptor proteins in the target-cell plasma membrane –They initiate signal-transduction pathways that cause changes inside the target cell26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanismsCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings(1) A hormone binds to a receptor protein in the plasma membraneFigure 26.2AHormone(epinephrine)(2) The receptor protein activates a signal-transduction pathway in the cell(3) A series of relay molecules transmits the signal to a protein that carries out the cell’s response123RECEPTORPROTEINTARGETCELLPlasmamembraneRelaymoleculesSignal-transductionpathwayGlycogen GlucogenCellular response(in this example, glycogen breakdown)Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptorsFigure 26.2BSteroidhormone–The steroid-receptor complex binds to DNA, turning specific genes on or offTARGETCELLReceptorprotein123NUCLEUSDNAHormone-receptorcomplex4mRNATranscriptionNewproteinCellular response:activation of a geneand synthesis ofnew protein• In this example, a new protein is synthesizedCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen glands–The glands secrete more than 50 hormones• Only the sex glands and the adrenal cortex secrete steroids–The remaining glands secrete nonsteroidhormonesTHE VERTEBRATE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM26.3 Overview: The vertebrate endocrine systemCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsHypothalamusPineal glandPituitary glandThyroid glandParathyroid glandsThymusAdrenal glands(atop kidneys)PancreasOvary (female)Testis (male)Figure 26.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsTable 26.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsTable 26.3, part 2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• The hypothalamus is the master control center of the endocrine system–It regulates the posterior and anterior pituitary gland26.4 The hypothalamus, closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systemsFigure 26.4ABrainHypothalamusPosterior pituitaryBoneAnterior pituitaryCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Posterior pituitary–Composed of nervous tissue–Stores and secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus• Anterior pituitary–Composed of glandular tissue–Exerts control over the anterior pituitary by secreting releasing hormones or inhibiting hormonesCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Homeostasis is maintained by negative-feedback mechanisms coupled with environmental cuesFigure 26.4BHypothalamusTRHAnterior pituitaryTSHThyroidThyroxineInhibitionCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Neurosecretory cells extending from the hypothalamus into the posterior pituitary–synthesize oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)–transmit nerve signals that trigger oxytocin and ADH release from the posterior pituitary26.5 The hypothalamus and pituitary have multiple endocrine functionsCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsHypothalamusFigure 26.5ANeurosecretorycellHormonePosteriorpituitaryBloodvesselAnteriorpituitaryADHUterine musclesMammary glandsKidney tubulesOxytocinCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary• The brain and anterior pituitary also produce endorphinsCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsNeurosecretorycellBlood vesselReleasing hormonesfrom hypothalamusEndocrine cells ofthe anterior pituitaryPituitary hormonesTSH ACTH FSHandLHGrowthhormone(GH)Prolactin(PRL)EndorphinsThyroid AdrenalcortexTestes orovariesEntirebodyMammaryGlands(in mammals)Painreceptorsin the brainFigure 26.5BCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• The thyroid gland produces two amine hormones–T4and T3–These regulate development and metabolism• Negative feedback maintains homeostatic levels of T4and T3in the bloodHORMONES AND HOMEOSTASIS26.6 The thyroid regulates development and metabolismCopyright © 2003 Pearson


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