Crm J 2nd Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 1 22 Lecture 1 August 21 I Justice a Justice is a concept of morality which is primarily founded on ethics rationality law natural law equity or fairness as well as administration of the law b Was Justice served to Trayvon Martin II Facts of the case Neighborhood watch Zimmerman following him Stand your ground law Decision of the Jury Zimmerman is innocent We re not going to stop until we get justice Al Sharpton Trayvon Martin was a criminal Glenn Beck Sharpton and Beck are on completely different sides of this issue very far left and very far right so there will never be any sort of agreement Culture a Multiculturalism Representing several different culture or cultural elements Refers to the demographic characteristics of a population such as a country city school place of employment or society Allowing individuals to express their individuality To understand multiculturalism you have to understand culture b What is culture III Characteristics that are common to a particular group or society Beliefs Behaviors Objects Norms Values Language Customs traditions Example of a culture The Police Subculture Society a What is society Individuals living together as a community b Racial segregation Separation of humans based on race Segregation exists to this day within society however not to the extent it did in the past Up until the early 1960 s many southern states had laws which encouraged segregation IV Jim Crow Laws W E B Du Bois a Sociologist historian and civil rights activist b Graduated from Harvard c First African American to earn a doctoral degree Lecture 2 August 23 I Politics a Democrats vs Republicans Important to know for this course and other courses in Criminal Justice If a state is considered a red state the majority of voters tend to be republican If a state is considered a blue state the majority of voters tend to be democratic Members of both parties can be extremists Members can also be in the middle and lean slightly to the right or slightly to the left b Democratic party Pro abortion pro choice Typically support increased firearm legislation c Republican party Typically do not support abortion Support the 2nd amendment Less government increased privatization Less taxes Believe that by decreasing taxes business will strive and this will create more jobs d Not all republicans are conservative and not all democrats are liberal II Politics and crime a Prior to the 70 s the US was beginning to focus on rehabilitation as opposed to retribution for many offenders b This was especially true for drug offenders c However society started blaming drugs for increasing crime rates d President Nixon declared a War on drugs e Both Republicans and Democrats went along with this and both parties supported increasing drug legislation f III This continues to this day Quick Facts a In 2009 the incarceration rate for African American males was 6 7 times greater than the amount of white males b Arizona SB 107 IV Passed a law permitting law enforcement officers to check the immigration status of anyone they suspect to be undocumented Immigration crime a Evidence suggests that immigration both legal and illegal doesn t lead to higher crime rates b Crime rate tends to be lower where there is higher immigration V Racial profiling a Allegations are often made that police officers stop and detain individuals based on the color of their skin as opposed to criminal acts VI American Civil Liberties Union ACLU a Often supports individuals who have been victims of profiling by law enforcement airlines or government agencies b What is ACLU Nonprofit organization Investigate civil rights violations Founded in 1920 Currently over 500 000 members Examples Freedom of speech violations Racial profiling all races Abuse of power brutality from law enforcement c ACLU doesn t only focus on racial profiling it s just one of the main things they do d African Americans and Hispanics are 3 times more likely to be searched during a traffic stop than individuals of other race Lecture 3 August 26 I Muslims and Terrorism a American Muslims In 2007 19 percent of American Muslims claimed that they had experienced some form of discrimination 15 percent of Muslims claimed that they felt as if American s viewed them as terrorists b Are all Muslims terrorists Although the attacks against the United States on 9 11 were committed by members of al Qaeda a middle eastern radical group that was led by Muslims not all Muslims can be classified as terrorists c Timothy McVeigh Domestic terrorist from the U S Responsible for the Oklahoma City bombing April 19 1995 Over 10 years later he was executed Killed 168 people d Terrorists II Impossible to profile due to the fact that they can be of any ethnicity or religious affiliation We can t predict criminality based upon physical appearance When this occurs justice is undermined Consequences of being involved in the criminal justice system can be severe including execution The innocence project a Nationwide organization b Concerned with litigation and public policy c Goal Exonerate individuals who have been wrongfully convicted of criminal acts d Primary tool is DNA evidence e Over 300 people in the U S have been exonerated due to DNA evidence Some of these individuals were on death row f III Founded in 1922 Essential information a Crime has a heavy influence on politics in the United States throughout history b Many white American s report they are fearful that they will be victimized by African Americans c Some white individuals report that they fear neighborhood integration with African Americans IV Discrimination a Is discrimination a myth It is according to Heather MacDonald of the Manhattan institute MacDonald suggests that the high incarceration rate of African Americans is due to higher involvement in criminal activity not discrimination MacDonald s research is based on imperial findings and careful statistical analysis therefore must be taken seriously However statistics can be interpreted differently Experts disagree on how data should be interpreted b Is MacDonald right or wrong V In the field of criminal justice or any other social science research methodology is essential She neglected several important points which she should have listed as limitations of her research Race and Ethnicity a What is Race Traditionally race was defined by biological differences such as skin color and physical features Intermarriage and