Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Chemical Building Blocks 1Chapter 3:The Chemical Building Blocks of LifeTopics you are not responsible for:molar concentrationEnd of Chapter questions: Understand: allApply: allSynthesize: 1 & 3Do all mQuiz questionsQuestionQuestionChemical Building Blocks 2What causes Alzheimer's disease?Amyloid precursor protein  β-Amyloid APP is an integral membrane protein Processing by ‘protease’-type enzymes (α-, β-, γ-secretase) β-Amyloid  plaque formationDo β-Amyloid plaques cause disease?What increases risk of getting Alzh. Dis.?Increases in AB or more AB42-- mutations to APP-- mutations to secretases-- mutations to apolipoprotein E (apoE)AmyloidPlaquesAB42 > AB40Chemical Building Blocks 3What are the fundamental properties of organic molecules?What are “organic” molecules?What are hydrocarbons?Molecular representationsChemical Building Blocks 4What “functional” groups occur on biological molecules? -- Know these!e.g.CysteineChemical Building Blocks 5What are the 4 major groups of macromolecules?Proteins Nucleic acidsLipidsCarbohydratesWhat are the molecular building blocks (subunits) of each?QuestionQuestionChemical Building Blocks 6How are macromolecules built(synthesized) from subunits?Dehydrolysis (condensation) Rxs…And broken apart (degraded)?Hydrolysis RxsChemical Building Blocks 7ProteinsProteins have diverse structures; which reflects their function What are some of the functions of proteins? Enzymes!!Molecule TransportGene regulationCell movements Hormonesetc…Chemical Building Blocks 8What are the different types of amino acids?How are AAs similar/differentIn structure?How many AAs are there?Chemical Building Blocks 9How are amino acids linked together in proteins?The “peptide bond”C-terminus and N-terminusOHH-CarboxylendAminoendModelsChemical Building Blocks 10What are the four levels of protein structure? All proteins have 1O, 2O and 3O structure -- some have 4OWhat is Primary (1O) structure?e. g., N – ALA – LYS – PHE – GLU  etc. – CChemical Building Blocks 11What is Secondary (2O) structure? α-helices & β-sheetsWhat is Tertiary (3O) structure?What is Quartenary (4O) structure?ModelsChemical Building Blocks 12What determines and stabilizesprotein tertiary structure?Amino acid sequenceBondingHydrophobic exclusionChaperone proteinsQuestionQuestionChemical Building Blocks 13What happens if protein structure is disrupted?Denaturation What causes denaturation?heatdetergentsionic conditionspHLoss of functionAnimationChemical Building Blocks 14What are some other characteristics of proteins?What are … Prosthetic groups?e.g., HEME Coenzymes?-- e.g., NADH Cofactors?-- e.g., Mg++What is a catalytic site?ModelsChemical Building Blocks 15What are the functions of carbohydrates?Energy storageEnergy transportStructureMolecular RecognitionChemical Building Blocks 16What are the properties of …Mono- & Disaccharides?Oligosaccharides?Why can oligosaccharide structurebe very complex?QuestionQuestionChemical Building Blocks 17What are some important polysaccharides?Energy storageStarch & glycogenStructuralcellulose & chitinStarch and Cellulose differ only in bonds between glucoseModels Starch Cellulose α-linkage β-linkageChemical Building Blocks 18What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?Nucleotidesribo-nucleotidesdeoxy-ribo purines pyrimidinesChemical Building Blocks 19How are nucleotides linked in a DNA strand?Covalent bondswithin strands3’ – 5’ Complementary base-pairingHydrogen bondsModelsQuestionQuestionChemical Building Blocks 20What are the functions of Lipids?Energy storage-- triglycerides (fats)Membrane structure-- phospholipidsSignaling molecules-- steroidal hormonesOther specialized functionsWhat property do all lipids share?Chemical Building Blocks 21How does structure and function relate in:… Phospholipids?-- amphipathic… Triglycerides?-- hydrophobicModelsQuestionQuestionChemical Building Blocks 22How does fatty acid saturation affect the properties of triglycerides?FluidityMetabolismThe odd history of “Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils” & “Trans-fatty