Biol 131 Question Bank Gene Structure & Function1. The many different functions and behaviors of living organisms are based on the characteristics of their cells. Within an organism, each cell’s characteristics in turn are dependent upon the:A. the types of proteins that are expressed.B. the particular set of genes that it possesses.C. the structure of its membranes.D. the structure of its DNA molecule.2. The “central dogma” of gene expression consists of which of the following two steps?A. Gene information is transferred from DNA to an RNA molecule.B. RNAs are processed to remove introns and splice together exons.C. RNA carries the information that directs protein synthesis.D. proteins assume a specific three dimensional shape to become functional 3. Transcription and DNA replication are similar in all the following ways, EXCEPT;A. The new strand is polymerized in the 5-to-3 direction.B. During synthesis, nucleotide triphosphates are hydrolyzed to release PPi (pyrophosophate).C. Complementary base pairing occurs during both processes.D. Synthesis involves production of small strands that must then be ligated together.4. Answer the following questions about codons, amino acids and tRNAs.A. For a three base codon there are ____ possible different codons, and these codons carry the information necessary to specify ____ different amino acids.B. A given amino acid may be specified by a number of different codons, ranging from ___ to ___codons. One codon, which also specifies the amino acid methionine, also functions as the _________ codon. Some codons do not specify an amino acid, but rather are called _______ codons.C. Cells must possess tRNAs with different anticodons to carry the different amino acids. Do youthink that the total number of tRNAs is more likely to be based upon the number of amino acids or the number of codons? Explain.5. How does:A. RNA polymerase know where the beginning of a gene is?B. RNA polymerase know where to stop transcribing a gene?C. a spliceosome identify the beginning and end of an intron?D. a ribosome know where to begin translation?E. the ribosome know where to end translation?Biol 131 Question Bank GenesPage 16. Why is a primer needed for DNA replication but not RNA transcription? (Your answer should focus on the properties of DNA polymerase vs. RNA polymerase.)7. Indicate where the following processes take place by addingnumbered label lines to the diagram of a eukaryotic cell.1. Transcription2. Translation of cytosolic protein3. Translation of a cell membrane protein4. RNA splicing5. DNA replication8. One way to purify nucleic acids with specific sequences is to allow them to hybridize (bind to) other strands of nucleic acids with complementary sequences. For example, if RNA with the sequence 3’-AUGCAUGCAUGC -5’ were attached to a solid matrix and then incubated with a solution containing different types of RNA, those with the sequence 5’- UACGUACGUACG-3’ would bind. If all of the non-bound RNAs were washed off, only the bound ones would remain.A. What sequence of bases is shared by all eukaryotic mRNAs? What is the function of this sequence?B. Suppose you wished to separate the mRNAs from a mixture of all RNAs extracted from a eukaryotic organism. If you applied the strategy described above, what sequence of nucleotides would you use? C. Would this strategy work for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? Why?9. Answer the following questions about RNAs.A. Name three modifications that are made to mRNA molecules in eukaryotic cells before the RNA molecule becomes a mature mRNA.1.2.3.B. The length of a particular gene in human DNA, measured from the start codon to the end of theprotein-coding region, is 10,000 nucleotides, yet the mRNA that is being used to translate the protein for this gene in the cytosol is 4000 nucleotides. What is the most likely reason for this discrepancy?C. Why would the presence of introns in RNA molecules in prokaryotes cause problems? Consider where transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes?Biol 131 Question Bank GenesPage 210. Which one of the following statements about the genetic code is correct?A. All codons specify more than one amino acid.B. Some amino acids are specified by a single codon.C. All amino acids are specified by more than one codon.D. The genetic code is different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.11. As you know, ribosomes contain both rRNAs and many proteins. Outline the path through the cellthat a ribosomal protein (and its mRNA) must follow from its original transcription in the nucleus to final function in a whole ribosome. To get you started, this path would begin with “the transcription of the ribosomal gene into an mRNA in the nucleus. The mRNA would then move into the cytosol and …” (don’t forget the role of the nucleolus in ribosome subunit assembly).Use this table of codons to answer the following questions as needed12A. The anticodon of the codon 5-GAA-3 is 5’- __ __ __ - 3’ (be mindful of orientation)12B. Which amino acid would you expect a tRNA with the anticodon 5-CUU-3 to carry?A. Lysine (Lys) D. Leucine (Leu)B. Glutamic acid (Glu) E. Phenylalanine (Phe)C. Glutamine (Gln)13. In the two diagrams to the right, label the:A. Ribosomal small subunitB. Ribosomal large subunitC. P-tRNA siteD. A-tRNA siteE. E-tRNA siteF. tRNA anticodonG. AA- binding site on the tRNABiol 131 Question Bank GenesPage 3C G 14. Using the DNA sequence given below, answer the following questions:A. If an RNA polymerase were to transcribe the gene from left to right, is the top or the bottom strand serving as the template? _________________B. A ‘promoter’ is said to be “up-stream” of the coding region; does that mean toward the 3’ or the 5’ end? __________________________C. In the space below write out the sequence of the mRNA that would be transcribed (label the 5and 3 ends of your RNA molecule). Find and circle the start codon.D. What is the amino acid sequence of the peptide that would be translated from this mRNA.E. How do we know that this is not the complete sequence for this protein?15. Using the DNA sequence given above indicate whether each of the following sequence changes will result in a:A. nonsense mutation C. reading frame mutation E. silent mutationB. missense mutation D. trinucleotide expansion F. single amino acid change1. _____ multiple replications of the triplet labeled:2. _____ substitution of a base pair for