1Learning Theory EDUC 275Winthrop UniversityLisa Harris, Marshall Jones, Suzanne SprouseHow does learning theory inform teaching?• Source of instructional strategies, tactics, and techniques.• Provide a foundation for appropriate strategy selection.• Provide information about relationships among instructional strategies and instructional contexts.• Allow teachers to select strategies that are the most likely to work.Learning theories help explain …• How learning occurs.• Factors that influence learning.• The role of memory.• How students transfer information to other contexts.• How instruction should be structured to facilitate learning.Ways of knowing1. Knowledge has a separate, real existence of its own outside the human mind. Learning happens when this knowledge is transmitted to people and they store it in their minds. (Roblyer, page 53) 2. Humans construct all knowledge in their minds by participating in certain experiences; learning happens when one constructs both mechanisms for learning and his or her own unique version of the knowledge. (Roblyer, page 53)2Three Major Branches• Behaviorism/ Direct Instruction• Cognitivism• ConstructivismBehaviorism• Learning occurs when students are able to provide the proper response to the given stimulus• Methods include the use of instructional cues, reinforcement and practice.• Students learn basic skills before moving to more complex processes.• Instructional goal – elicit the desired response from the learner who is presented with a garget stimulusBehaviorism Continued• Teacher role: Transmitter of knowledge/expert source• Student role: Receive information; demonstrate competence – all students learn the same material• Curriculum: Skills are taught in a set sequence• Learning goals: Stated in terms of mastery learning• Types of activities: Lecture, demonstration, seatwork, practice, testing• Assessment strategies: Written tests, same measures for all studentsExamples of Content Taught using Behaviorism• Multiplication Tables• Branches of Government• Procedural tasks– Driving a stick shift• Listing State Capitals3Cognitivism• Shift in thinking about learning– Behaviorists: learning as observable behavior – Cognitivists: learning as complex cognitive processes • How people reason, problem solve, learn language and process information• Learners’ thoughts, beliefs, attitudes and values impact learning• Focus on relationships between pieces of information (ex. chunking)Cognitivism Continued• Teacher role: Construct appropriate learning environments and materials, scaffolding the learning process• Student role: Actively involved in the learning process through self-planning, monitoring, revising, understanding relationships• Curriculum: Relationships among information is stressed• Learning goals: Understanding processes as well as basic skills, learning how to learn• Types of activities: using graphic organizers, demonstration/ think aloud, matrices, advanced organizers• Assessment strategies: performance assessment, project-based learning, essay questions (i. e. summarize, compare and contrast)Examples of Cognitivist Content• Compare and contrast two characters in a novel.• Draw the stages of the water cycle.• The writing process (drafts and revision).Constructivist Learning• Knowledge is a function of how the individual creates meaning from his or her own experiences (Ertmer, p. 9)• Meaning is created rather than acquired.• Content knowledge is embedded in the context in which it is used.4Constructivist Instruction Cont. • Teacher role: Acts as a guide and facilitator; collaborative resource as students explore topics• Student role: Collaborate; develop competence; may learn different material• Curriculum: Based on projects that foster higher level and lower level skills at the same time• Learning Goals: Stated in terms of growth from where the student began; work independently and with groups • Types of Activities: Group projects, hand-on exploration; product development• Assessment: Performance tests and products (ex. Portfolios); quality measured by rubrics and checklists; measure may differ among studentsExamples of Constructivist Content• Causes of WWII• The strengths and weaknesses of Democracy• How technology fosters collaboration• The effects of global warmingWhich theory is better?• Neither• Depends on your needs• Depends on your content• Depends on your environment• Depends on your studentsWhy are these theories important?• Gets to the notion of HOW you learn• How you LIKE to learn• How to manage favorite and least favorite environments• Affords us variety in pedagogy5Now, an activityIn groups create a list of the following:• How do you like to learn…– To use a new electronic device (phone, PDA, etc)• Manuals? Play around? Watch an expert? Others?– To play a new board/card/video game• Read directions? Play a practice round? Others?– A list of items or set of definitions • Read? Recite many times? Flash cards? Others?Take your list• Rank your learning strategies by voting on them. • Record your votes on the list– 100%, or ¾, or 1 out of 3• Find out which ones your group thinks are best to use.• Are they behaviorist, cognitivist or constructivist in nature?Make a hard decision• Thinking as a teacher, your group should pick three learning strategies from your list that you would recommend to your students. You must pick three and only three.• Thinking as a teacher, your group should pick three learning strategies from your list would you NEVER use. You must pick three and only three.6Here’s the thing… Exploring Theorists • In groups, use Inspiration to create a concept map of the three major learning theories discussed in this article.– Compare and contrast the characteristics of each theory. – Give highlights of the theory. – Give examples of appropriate technology integration for each theory.Sources• Ertmer, P.A. & Newby, T.J. (1993). Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism: Comparing Critical features from an instructional design perspective. Improvement Quarterly, 6 (4): 50-72.• Integrating Educational Technology into Teaching, M.D. Roblyer• Constructivist vs. Directed PowerPoint by Dr. Marshall