Chapter 15 Architecture 11 13 2012 Architecture Philip Johnson and John Burgee College of Arhitecture University of Houston Environment or distinct landscape characteristics of the local site Technology the materials and methods available to a given culture In early civilizations was designed to imitate natural forms Pyramids of Menkaure Kafre and Khufu Ziggurat Are flatter and wider than their Egyptian counterparts Believed that the mountaintops were not only the source of precious water but also the dwelling place of the gods Tomas Coram View of Mulberry House and Street Slaves had houses much like they did in Africa Mesa Verde Spruce Tree House The Anasazi lived in these Cliffside caves for hundreds perhaps thousands of years Kiva a round covered hole in the center of the communal plaza in which all ceremonial life took place Sipapu a small round hole symbolic of the Anasazi creation myth which told of the emergence of the Anasazi s ancestors from the depths of the earth Technology Shell system in which one basic material provides both the structural support and the ouside covering of the building Skeleton and skin system consists of a basic interior frame the skeleton that supports the more fragile outer covering the skin Tensile strength is the ability of a building material to span horizontal distances without support and without buckling in the middle Boad Bearing Construction Make the walls themselves bear the weight of the roof Post and Lintel Consists of a horizontal beam supported at each end by a vertical post or a wall Lion Gate at Mycenae o Fundamental to all Greek architecture Drums or several pieces of stone make up the columns Fluting or Grooves carved in the stone run the length of the column and unite the individual drums into a single unit Each column tapers dramatically toward the top and slightly toward the bottom an architectural feature known as entasis Arches Vaults and Domes Voussoirs or wedge shaped stones each cut to fit into the semicircular form Keystone the stone at the very top of the arch Pont du Gard With the development of the barrel vault or tunnel vault allowed them to create tunnels Coliseum is an example of an amphitheater in which two semicircular theaters are brought face to face Groined Vaults created when two barrel vaults are made to meet at right angles Made possible because of invention of concrete Dome which take the shape of a hemisphere sometimes defined as a continuous arch rotated 360 degrees Pantheon o The down set a cylindrical wall 140 feet wall in diameter o Throught this oculus eye the building s only source of illumination worshipers could make contact with the heavens o St Sernin Toulouse France Example of Romanesque architecture Constists of two transept Side wings 1 nave long corridor 1 apse semicircle at end of nave Cast Iron Construction Cast iron was used by Gustave Eiffel creating the Eiffel tower Frame Construction Wood Frame construction is of course the foundation of American Domestic architecture and is versatile enough to accommodate a variety of styles Charles Bulfinch Harrison Gray Otis House Mansion at Parlange Plantation Christian Gladu The Birch The Bungalow Company North Town Woods Steel and Reinforced Concrete Construction Louis H Sullivan Bayard Condict Building Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House Cantilever a horizontal form supported on one end and jutting out into space on the other was made possible by newly invented steal and reinforced concrete Frank Lloyd Wright Fallingwater Ludvig Mies van der Rohe Farnsworth House Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson Seagram Building Eero Saarien TWA Terminal JFK Airport Santiago Calatrava Turning Torso Residential Tower Jean Nouvel Ateliers Jean Nouvel with b720 Arquitectos Ream Koolhaas and Ole Scheeren OMA New Headquarters Frank Gehry s Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Adrain Smith and Skidmore Owings and Merrill Burj Dubai Tom Wills Wright Burj Al Arab Green Architecture Smaller Buildings Integration and compatibility with the natural environment Energy Efficiency and Solar orientation Use of recycled reusable and sustainable materials Obie Bowman Brunsell Residence James Cutler Bridge House Emilio Ambasz ACROS Building Richard Meier Athenneum Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux Central Park New York Santiago Calatrava Port Authority Trans Hudson PATH Station Moshe Safdie Habitat 11 13 2012 11 13 2012