Chapter 8 Principles of Design Principles of Design John Singer Sargent The daughters of Edward Boit o To Design To organize the formal elements into a composition The Principles of Design Balance Emphasis Proportion Scale Rhythm and Repetition Unity Design is both a process and a product As a verb t is the process of organizing As a noun it is a visual statement a visual product 10 03 2012 The study of human proportion by Leonardo da Vinci Balance Symmetrical Focal point is the center of human anatomy o Square symbol of the finite world Circle symbol of the heavenly world o Frank Gehry House Sense of discontinuity Lack of harmony Balance Absolute Balance Visual Balance Has to do with the apparent appearance of heaviness or lightness of the composition Taj Mahal 1632 Symmetrical Balance in architecture Vermeer Woman holding a balance The overall effect is that of a balanced composition An asymmetrically balanced composition whose subject it balance between the material and spiritual worlds Chide Hassam Boston Comman at Twilight Asymmetrical balance The tension between dark and light Dawn and dusk Populated street and open field Ida Applebroog Emetic Fields Male over female Parents over children Governments over people Doctors over patients Shapes Radial Balance Everything radiates outward from a central point John Feodorov Animal Sprit Channeling Device for the Contemporary Shaman Emphasis and Focal Point Placed in the middle of the painting Anna Vallayer Coster Still Life with Lobster Complementary Colors Composition Georges de La Tour Joseph the Carpenter Scale and Proportion Scale describes the dimensions of an object in relationship to surroundings Proportion relationship between parts of an object and the whole Spoonbridge and Cherry Claes Oldenburg and Van Bruggen Do Ho Suh Public Figures Claes Oldenburg Scale Judith F Baca Book Notes 10 03 2012 Drawing The Allegory of Painting Jan Vermeer Each of the materials in Vermmer s work painting drawing sculpture tapestry even the book represents what we call Medium Technologies have helped artists both to achieve their desired effects more readily and to discover new modes of creation and expression A medium is in this sense a techne to make or prepare a means of making art From Preparatory Sketch to Work of Art Oldest known art is Australian Aboriginal culture done around 40 000 60 000 Aborigine rock art suggests that drawing is fundamental to human experience Artistist and scientists have traditionally used drawing as a means of conveying information Madonna and Child with St Anne and Infant St John the Baptist Leonardo da Vinci A carton from the Italian cartone meaning paper or drawing done to scale for a painting or a fresco Leonardo s drawings illustrate why drawing merits serious consideration as an art form in its own right and why they would so influence younger artists such as Raphael who based so many of his paintings on quickly realized preparatory skethces Study for a Sleeve Leonardo da Vinci Witness the extraordinary fluidity and spontaneity of the master s line In contrast to the stillness of the resting arm the drapery is depicted as if it were a whirlpool The directness of the medium allows Leonardo to bring out this turbulence Imparts a degree of emotional complexity to the sitter which is revealed in the part as well as in the whole Raphael s Alba Madonna Demonstrates many of the ways that artists use drawings to plan a final work Drawing Materials Drawing materials are generally divided into two categories Dry and liquid media o Dry Media Which include metalpoint chalk carcoal fraphite and pastel consist of coloring agents or pigments that are sometimes ground or mixed with substances that hold the pigment together called binders o Liquid Meida Pigments are suspended in liquid binders like the ink The liquid ink flows much more easily than dry Dry Media Metal point One of the most common tools used in drawing in latefifteenth and early sixteenth century Italy was metal point Raphael Saint Paul Rending His Garments Shadow is rendered here by means of careful hatching A sense of movement and energy is evoked by the freedom of Raphael s outline The highlights in the drawing are known as heightening and they are created by applying an opaque white to the design after the metal point lines have been drawn o Chalk and Charcoal Metal point is a mode of drawing that is chiefly concerned with delineation that is with a descriptive representation of the thing Effects of light and shadow are essentially added to the finished drawing by means of hatching or heightening Chalk and Charcoal allow for you to easily get a sense of the volumetric that is of three0dimensional form Georgia O Keeffe Bananna Flower A sense of volume and space comparable to that reaized by means of chalk Because of its tendency to smudge easily charcoal was not widely used during the Renaissance except in sinopie tracings of the outlines of compositions drawn on the wall before the painting of frescoes o Kathe Kollwitz Self Portrait Revealed the extraordinary expressive capabilities of charcoal as a medium Graphite A soft form of carbon similar to coal Used in pencils when black chalk became more and more difficult to obtain Conte crayon created a way to make the graphite harder and easier to control Georges Pierre Seurat Caf Concert Indicates the powerful range of tonal effects afforded by the new medium As Seurat presses harder in the lower areas of the composition depicting the shadows of the orchestra pit o Vija Clemins Untitled Ocean Highly developed photorealist graphite drawing Drawn by Graphite Pastel Essentially a chalk medium with colored pigment and a nongreasy binder added to it Of all artists who have ever used pastel perhaps Edgar Degas was the most proficient and inventive Mary Cassatt Young Mother Daughter and Son The gestures of her pastel line again and again exceed the boundaries of the forms that contain them and loosely drawn arbitarary blue strokes extend across almost every element of the composition Oilstick Oil paint manufactured with enough wax for the paint to be molded into stick form Sandy Brooke Paestum Liquid Media Pen and Ink Elisabetta Sirani The Holy Family with a Kneeling Monastic Saint Leading artists in Bologna during the 17th century the line can be thickened or thinned Jean Dubuffet Corps de Dame The whorl of line which ranges from the finest hairline to strokes nearly a half inch thick o Beverly Buchanan