Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5a. t RNAa. r RNASlide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Replication: DNA DNASemiconservative, Origin, Leading st, Lagging st, Helicase, Primase, etc. DNA Polymerase, Primer?Transcription: DNA RNACoding (sense) st, Non coding stRNA Polymerase, NO primerPromoter? mRNA processing in Eukaryotes? Polysomes?Translation: mRNA proteinGenetic code, Start codon, Stop codontRNA, rRNA, ribosomesAmino acids•Nontemplate strand of DNA: 5’ A T G T A T G C C A A T G C A 3’•Template strand of DNA: _5_’ T A C A T A C G G T T A C G T_3_’•mRNA: _3_’ A _ _ _ _ U _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _5_’•Anticodons on complementary tRNA:•Template strand of DNA: 3’ T A C A T A C G G T T A C G T 5’•mRNA: 5’ A U G U A U G C C A A U G C A 3’•tRNA: 3’ U A C A U A C G G U U A C G U 5’•a. Types of RNA? •b. Where are they produced? •c. Where and how do they function in cells?•a. Types of RNA: •b. Where are they produced? •c. Where and how do they function in cells?a. mRNA b. In the nucleus, from specific genes (often called structural genes) on the DNA.•c. mRNA functions in the cytoplasm, where it is translated into protein. The mRNA carries the information in codons that determine the order of amino acids in a protein.a. t RNAb. Other genes in the nuclear DNA code for tRNA moleculesc. tRNA molecules function in the cytoplasm in translation. Each tRNA molecule can combine with a specific amino acid. Complementary base pairing of a tRNA molecule with a codon in the A site of the ribosome brings the correct amino acid into position in the growing polypeptide chain.a. Types of RNA: b. Where are they produced? c. Where and how do they function in cells?a. r RNAb. Still other genes in the nuclear DNA code for rRNA moleculesc. rRNA molecules combine with protein to form the ribosomes, which serve as the base for interactions between mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons in translation in the cytoplasm. (See Figure 16.14)a. Types of RNA: b. Where are they produced? c. Where and how do they function in cells?•Which of the following is not true of tRNA molecules?The 3'-terminal sequence is amino acid binding site (-CCA).Their anticodons are complementary to the triplet codon in the mRNA.They contain more than (A,U,C,G) four different bases (modified bases).They contain several short regions of double helix (stems).With the right enzyme, any given tRNA molecule will accept any of the 20 amino acids.•Which of the following statements about E. c ol i RNA polymerase (core enzyme) is false? -In the absence of the σ subunit, core polymerase has little specificity for where initiation begins. -The RNA chain grows in a 5' 3' direction. FALSE-The RNA product is complementary to the DNA template.-The core enzyme has no polymerizing activity until the σ subunit is bound.Chromosomes condense.Spindle apparatus begins toform.Nuclear envelope breaks down.Kinetochore microtubules contactchromosomes at kinetochore.ProphasePrometaphaseSister chromatids separate.Chromosomes are pulled toopposite poles of the cell.AnaphaseChromosomes completemigration to middle of cell.MetaphaseThe nuclear envelopereforms, and the spindleapparatus disintegrates.TelophasePage A:11Mitosis is a continuous process. Once division begins, the chromosomes move fluidly from one phase to the next.The two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome beginning to attach to the mitotic spindle by means of their kinetochores (in centromere). The centrosomes anchor the mitotic spindle at opposite ends of the cell.© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.During Mitosis Cyclin is degraded; the concentration of cyclin-dependent kinase remains unchanged, but without cyclin, MPF is not formed.© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Bacteria NO mitotic spindle, FtsZ (tubulin like)Plants microtubules, cell plateAnimals microfilamentsCleavage furrow© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Cancerous cells have two types of defects:1. Cell growth proteins active when they should not be2. Tumor Suppressor proteins inactive when they should be activeTypes of Cancerous Cell Defects:•Regulatory proteins that serve to prevent a cell from entering the S phase under conditions of DNA damage are also known as tumor suppressors. Example =
View Full Document
Unlocking...